Health & Medicine Assignment Paper

Overview – Health Care Issues

Health Care Issues Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, 2015

In recent years, the availability and affordability of health insurance in the United States has become

the subject of much debate. The United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights lists medical

care among the basic human rights to which all people are entitled. In 2011, however, about 17

percent of Americans had no health insurance at all. For many people who are insured, the cost of coverage is a financial hardship. This situation has led some people to call for the government to provide health insurance for all citizens. Others, however, are skeptical of government’s ability to efficiently manage health insurance and oppose any plans that involve government. The issue is made more urgent by rapidly rising health care costs that threaten to overwhelm the country’s current

system of health insurance, and the national economy in general. Health care reform has become one

of the most important issues in contemporary American politics.

The Basics of Health Care

In most developed countries, health care systems involve government control or sponsorship. For instance, in Great Britain, Scandinavia, and the countries of the former Soviet Union, the government controls almost all aspects of health care, including access and delivery. For the most part, health services in these countries are free to everyone; the systems are financed primarily by taxes. Other countries, such as Germany and France, guarantee health insurance for almost all their citizens, but the government plays a smaller role in managing health care. Both systems are financed at least in part by taxes on wages. Health & Medicine Assignment Paper

The US government, by contrast, does not pay for most of its citizens’ health care. Generally, Americans receive health care through employer-sponsored insurance, or they arrange to pay for insurance on their own. Like all forms of insurance, health insurance operates by pooling the resources of a group of people who face similar risks. This creates a common fund that members can draw upon when needed. Each person in the group pays a certain amount, called a premium, every month. These premiums are used to cover the medical expenses of group members who become sick or injured.

Health Insurance in the United States

Today, most Americans receive health insurance through their place of work. Employers typically pay for part of the premiums. Most employer-sponsored plans are administered through payroll contributions. People who are self-employed and those whose employers do not provide health insurance must purchase individual health insurance. Individual plans are generally more expensive than group plans. Certain low-income individuals and families may be eligible for Medicaid, a form of

government-sponsored health insurance. In 1997, the US government introduced the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) to assist the children of families who do not qualify for Medicaid but

cannot afford the cost of private insurance. People older than sixty-five years of age and people with certain disabilities may be eligible for Medicare, another federally funded health insurance plan.

There are two basic types of health insurance plans in the United States: indemnity plans and managed care. Under an indemnity plan (also called fee-for-service plan), the insurance company pays a percentage of the cost of medical services provided (typically 70 to 80 percent). The insured person is responsible for the remaining 20 to 30 percent. Indemnity plans do not limit patients in their choice of doctors or hospitals. Managed care controls the use of medical services in an effort to keep costs low. An example of a managed care plan is a health maintenance organization (HMO). Participants in an HMO plan are limited in their choice of doctors and hospitals. They must receive medical services at HMO-operated facilities or visit physicians and hospitals that are affiliated with the plan. The cost to the participant is usually much lower, however, limited to a small co-payment for visits to a doctor or hospital emergency room.

Each type of plan has advantages and drawbacks. Indemnity plans are more expensive than managed care plans but they offer great flexibility. Managed care plans may require individuals to choose primary care physicians, or doctors who monitor their health care. Plan participants must consult their primary care physicians to get a referral to a specialist. Managed care plans emphasize preventive care such as office visits and immunizations, but they may limit coverage for medical tests, surgery, mental health care, and other support. By contrast, indemnity plans may not pay for some types of preventive care, such as checkups and immunizations. Health & Medicine Assignment Paper

Comparing Systems

Both government-based health care systems and the mixed public/private system of the United States offer benefits but also have serious flaws. The former provide universal coverage, guaranteeing access to health care regardless of income or employment. Most government-based plans also provide better care for pregnant women and newborn babies than the US system. Supporting these health care systems, however, requires higher levels of government spending than the public/private system.

Furthermore, the goal of providing good care for everyone cannot always be reached in government- based systems because of limited money and resources. The pressure to keep spending under control leads to tight government restrictions. As a result, patients in some countries, such as Canada and Sweden, sometimes have to wait a long time for certain services.

The health care system in the United States is more flexible than government-controlled systems because providing universal health care and containing costs are not its main goals. In the United States, patients can obtain virtually any kind of medical service. When a person becomes ill, however, treatment will usually depend on the nature of his or her health insurance. Someone who does not have insurance or the resources to pay the health care provider may not be able to get the necessary treatment.

The Debate Over Health Care Reform

Many politicians, academics, and citizens have been advocating the position that the American health care system is in need of comprehensive reform. Proponents of this position rely on three major factors: the high costs of health care, the relatively low quality of care, and the large number of persons who are uninsured.

The costs of health care are escalating rapidly. Health care costs in the United States have more than doubled in the past decade and accounted for 17.9 percent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product in 2010. Health insurance premiums continue to rise faster than wages. Americans spend more on health care than any other country in the world. US health care spending reached $2.6 trillion in 2010. Employer-sponsored health care plans have increased more than 100 percent in the past decade. Some health economists have predicted that the United States’ health spending will reach $4 trillion by 2015. Health & Medicine Assignment Paper

Statistical measures and indicators suggest that, despite this high level of health care spending, the quality of health care available in the United States is low. According to statistics compiled by the US Census Bureau and the National Center for Health Statistics, a baby born in the United States has an average life expectancy of about 78 years. While the life expectancy is higher than in previous years, the United States’ life expectancy continues to lag behind many other countries in the world, such as most European nations, Japan, Canada, Australia, Singapore, Jordan, and Guam.

Finally, many millions of Americans are forced to go without health insurance entirely. This problem is exacerbated by the rising costs of care. Rising costs are the main reason why hundreds of thousands of companies have stopped offering health coverage for their workers. Also, due to the sluggish economy, many people have lost their jobs in recent years. This means that those who are unemployed often have no health care. Many who cannot find new jobs have been forced to take part- time work, and these jobs typically don’t offer health care benefits. The number of the uninsured continues to rise. Gallop polls found that 14.8 percent of Americans did not have health insurance in 2008. This number increased to 16.4 percent in 2010 and 17.1 percent in 2011.

For people who are underinsured or who lack insurance, getting health coverage can create a financial crisis. The high number of uninsured has health and social implications as well. While laws mandate that hospital emergency rooms take in all people, including the poor and uninsured, these people still

often do not get the medical care they need, especially at the appropriate time. “The uninsured are less likely to see a doctor … and are less likely to receive preventative services,” notes Arthur Kellerman, a medical professor and cochair of an Institute of Medicine (IOM) panel that has studied the problem. Thus they often wait until medical problems become severe before seeking medical care, creating more costs for the health care system that are passed on to others. Health & Medicine Assignment Paper

Proposed Solutions

Health care reform has become one of the most important issues in American politics. It took center stage for the entire first year of the presidency of Barack Obama (1961—). Advocates of health care

reform have proposed several different systems that they believe would solve these and other problems. Among the most popular proposed solutions are a single-payer system, a rationing plan, and mandates.

A single-payer system is defined as a health care system that pays for doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers out of a single fund. Canada utilizes such a system nationwide, and Medicare is a domestic example. In Canada, for example, doctors are paid by a fund with money taken from taxes collected by the national and provincial governments. The government collects funds, sets fees for medical services, and pays health care providers.

Proponents of a single-payer system argue that it would simplify the United States’ patchwork system of multiple insurance providers and greatly reduce administrative costs in health care. Doctors would benefit by not dealing with multiple insurance forms. Nonaffluent patients would benefit from more affordable health insurance. Opponents argue that a single-payer system is too radical a change from the American status quo. They also argue that having the government control medical prices and costs will inhibit the development of new medicines and technologies and may compromise the quality of health care.

The term “rationing” means dividing up scarce resources among people who want access to them. Many experts have concluded that offering every type of medical service to all the people who need or want it is not possible. They believe it is important to develop guidelines on what type of care should be offered and who should be eligible for it. At the small-scale level, allocation may affect decisions about individual care. If five people need a heart transplant, but only one heart is available, a decision must be made about whom should receive the transplant. On a larger scale, allocation might involve a government’s decision about how much money to spend on expensive drugs and high technology equipment for the elderly and how much to spend to prevent childhood diseases.

Advocates of a rationing plan argue that rationing care is the only way to rein in the growth of health care costs. They also argue that it is a way to ensure that everyone receives some basic level of care, which is key to preventing the widespread health problems faced by the uninsured. Opponents of rationing argue that it raises basic issues of fairness. Who would set the guidelines about what care is available? Other people think that health care services should be available to anyone who needs them. They argue that government and the medical community have a moral obligation to ensure that everyone has access to the health care they require. Finally, many opponents of rationing are opposed to having the government play a role in private medical care decisions. In the summer of 2009, opponents of rationing said that government-run care rationing would result in the creation of “death panels” in which government bureaucrats would literally decide who should live or die. This assertion had no basis in fact, but it was sufficient to frighten many Americans, especially elderly Americans, who were already concerned about how proposed health care reform might affect them personally.

Another approach, being tried by the state of Massachusetts, builds on the United States’ system of private health insurance. Under legislation passed in 2006, all residents were required to obtain health care coverage, either by purchase or through their employers. In addition, people under a certain income threshold receive subsidies from the state government. A state agency, the Connector

Authority, helps package insurance options and negotiates rates from insurance companies. Part of the theory is that by mandating everybody to participate in buying health insurance, there are more funds available to provide universal health coverage. The Massachusetts plan had some initial success, enabling 150,000 previously uninsured state residents to obtain affordable coverage. But some argue that maintaining universal coverage will become increasingly expensive, especially five or ten years in the future. Interestingly, while running for the 2008 and 2012 Republican presidential nominations, Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney explicitly promised not to expand the Massachusetts model to the rest of the nation, arguing against a “one-size-fits-all” approach, even as several Democratic candidates were touting Massachusetts as an inspiration for their own health care proposals.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010

On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

to reform the US health care system. The act, which is based on the Massachusetts model set in motion by 2012 presidential hopeful Romney, is designed to ensure that most Americans receive access to affordable and quality health care. A week later, Congress passed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, which amended some of the provisions from the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The plan will be rolled out over a decade and include many changes to which individuals, employers, and insurance companies must adhere or face penalties. In 2010 some changes took effect that include provisions such as requiring insurance companies to extend dependent coverage up to age 26. They must also provide insurance for children with pre- existing conditions—the requirement will extend to adults in 2014—and they cannot deny coverage to those with severe illnesses such as cancer. Other changes that are set to take place by 2014 include the elimination of deductibles and co-payments for preventive services such as colonoscopies, mammograms, and cancer screenings. The law has many critics, however, and faces many hurdles before it is fully put into place. Health & Medicine Assignment Paper

Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2015 Gale, Cengage Learning.

Source Citation “Health Care Issues.” Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Opp

osing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 27 Jan. 2016.

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