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Social Behavior and Cultural Factor in Public Health

Week 1 Discussion

DQ1

What are social, behavioral, and cultural determinants? How do social, behavioral, and cultural determinants impact public health? Present specific examples within your answer as well as justifying your rationale with evidence. Respond to three other class members’ posts specifically peer-reviewing their answers.

DQ2

Very wealthy or influential public figures (such as Bill Clinton and Bill Gates) have become major funders in the global health arena, providing millions to developing countries and/or international organizations. How do you think this will influence the future of public health? What benefits and challenges may develop?

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Week 2 Discussion

DQ1

Present one theory or model within the field of public health which describes either how people maintain health and/or how illness is caused? Presentation of the theory or model may be submitted in graphic or narrative format. Even if this is not your personal viewpoint/belief, how can these multiple theories and models be beneficial to public health professionals? It is not appropriate to repeat one that has already been posted unless you are providing new information. Review all peer submissions and become familiar with the multiple theories and models. Respond to three peers’s posts asking any questions or verifying your analysis of the theory/model.

DQ2

What role should culture play in how a person’s health issues are handled? Is this demonstrated in the health system today? Support your position with examples and/or evidence. HLT 515 Full Course Work Latest GCU

Week 3 Discussion

DQ1

Reflecting on your childhood, what types of barriers/disparities existed that limited your ability to lead a healthier life? Were there any short-term or long-term consequences?

DQ2

To what extent does discrimination and racism create health disparities? Why are some populations more likely to experience health disparities? Support your position with multiple examples.

Week 4 Discussion

DQ1

Provide two examples of social institutions that are prevalent in American society and explain their functions. How have social institutions played a part in your health? Do you think their influence was positive or negative? Why?

DQ2

Can health care policy shape the way in which social institutions are viewed by an individual or population group? Support your position with examples and/or evidence.

Week 5 Discussion

DQ1

Present a basic case in which an individual would wish to change a long-term health behavior? For example, a 39-year-old female wishes to stop her two-pack-a-day smoking habit which she has had for 10 years. Using various models and theories of behavioral change help create strategies for modifying the patient’s behaviors. Explain the process/methods that could be used to accomplish this goal. Predict how long this may take and what challenges may present themselves? Review three peers’ postings and provide constructive feedback on additional changes which could be beneficial as well as additional insight.

DQ2

Why is health promotion/education such an important component to behavioral change? Why do you think behavioral change is so difficult for an individual?

Week 6 Discussion

DQ1

Present one theory or model of behavioral change which would be effective in a population and/or community? Presentation of the theory or model may be submitted in graphic or narrative format. Within your answer, using a scenario format, illustrate how the theory or model could be effective. Review all peer submissions and become familiar with the multiple theories and models. Respond to three peers’ posts asking any questions or verifying your own analysis of the theory/model.

DQ2

How can individual, group, and social efforts be combined to implement community behavioral change? Identify challenges which may result from your suggestions. Review three peers’ postings and provide possible solutions for the challenges that may arise. HLT 515 Full Course Work Latest GCU

Week 7 Discussion

DQ1

Find a program (provide a link to the program) which was developed to provide health promotion and education to a specific population. Evaluate this program on its ability to identify with the specific population, on its implementation of effective intervention methods, and on its program planning strategy. This evaluation will be very broad in scope and not as in-depth as your research assignment. Review three peers’ postings, access the program links, and compare your assessment to theirs? What additional insights do you have?

DQ2

Find a media publication with a health message. Share the link. What population is this publication targeting and how do you know? Do you think it is effective or not? Why?

Week 8 Discussion

DQ1

In March 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into law. Will this legislation help decrease or eliminate health disparities? Can it be more effective? Use the Kaiser Family Foundation’s “Focus on Health Reform: Summary of the New Health Reform Law,” assigned as reading for this module, for a reference.

DQ2

Is it possible to eliminate health disparities in the United States? Why or why not? What are some of the key strategies advocated by the readings? Do you notice any similar themes in the assigned articles?

Week 2 Assignment: Interactive Media Assessment

Access the interactive media piece, “Social, Behavioral, and Cultural Factors in Public Health: Increasing Cultural Competency.”

Navigate and review the information in the interactive media piece and complete the assessment at the end. The assessment is based on the information presented in the media piece (although you may also apply what you have learned from other course readings to complete the assessment).

After completing the assessment, save the document as an Acrobat PDF file and submit the assignment to the instructor.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Week 4 Assignment: Article Critique

Directions: For this assignment, you will select and critique one article from a popular media source (e.g., newspaper, magazine, news journal, etc.) that provides information regarding a health disparity within a population group and complete the questions below. Please make sure to use complete sentences when answering each question. Make sure the health disparity is different from your research assignment. In addition, the article must have been published within the last 2 years.

1) Provide the article reference and link. (1point)

2) What health disparity is the article highlighting? (1point)

3) Why is this information newsworthy? How would it benefit the public health community? (3 points)

4) What causes and factors contributed to the health disparity? (2 points)

5) How does the health disparity affect health outcomes? (3 points)

6) Does the article make any recommendations or suggest resources that could benefit the public? If not, what suggestions or recommendations would you suggest? (2 points)

7) Was the article well-written? Justify your rationale? (3 points)

8) Did it include all pertinent information? Justify your rationale? (2 points)

9) Was there information or a perspective that the article should have included? If so, what? What else would you have like to have seen? (3 points). HLT 515 Full Course Work Latest GCU

Week 6 Assignment – Collaborative Learning Community: Peer Review of Research Paper

This is a CLC assignment.

The final Research Paper is assigned and due in Topic 7.

For this peer review assignment:

On Day 1 of Topic 6, post the rough draft of your Research Paper to the CLC Forum.

Selected members will review their assigned papers by completing the “Peer Review Guide.” If a team member does not submit a final draft, contact the instructor, and an additional peer review will be done on another paper.

Post the completed “Peer Review Guide” to the thread of the initial paper.

Submit the completed “Peer Review Guide” to the instructor.

APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Peer Review Guide

Directions:Read through the questions below then proceed to peer-review one class member’s paper. For questions which do not require a yes/no response, answers should be longer than one sentence and provide constructive feedback. You will be graded on your ability to accurately and thoroughly evaluateapeer’s work in order to maintain or enhance its quality.

Author:

Peer Reviewer:

1) Does the writer provide an introduction which is a concise synopsis of the purpose of the paper and a general introduction to the target population and the health issue?

0Yes0 No

2) What components of the assignment criteria need additional clarity?

3) Was there anything that was confusing?0 Yes 0 No

If yes, what was it?

4) Are the details and examples supportive to the topics? 0 Yes 0 No

If no, what needs clarification?

5) What is good about the writing? Why is it good?

6) What errors need to be corrected?

7) What specific suggestions for improvement can you make?

8) Does the conclusion make recommendations to resolve the health issue within the target population based on current literature? 0Yes 0 No

9) Are two peer-reviewed resources used? 0Yes 0 No

10) Have APA guidelines been followed? 0Yes 0 No

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Week 7 Assignment: Research Paper

For this assignment, you are to select a target population with a specific health issue and research how social, cultural, and behavior factors of the target population contribute to health outcomes associated with the health issue. The 1,200-1,500 word Research Paper must including the following:

Introduction: Provide a concise synopsis of the purpose of the paper and a general introduction to the target population and the health issue.

Target Population: Provide a description about the target population that you have selected; provide demographic information about the population; and discuss relevant social, cultural, and behavior factors that affect this population.

Health Issue: Provide information discussing the health issue that you have selected; include a history of knowledge and public health understanding regarding the health issue; how it has evolved; biological and epidemiological information related to the disease; and major social, cultural, and behavior factors that affect or relate to the health issue.

Relationship Between Health Issue and Target Population: Analyze how social, cultural, and behavior factors in the target population contribute to the health issue; and identify what factors/characteristics are positive or negative and which behaviors/practices/beliefs serve as risk factors or protective factors.

Current Strategies/Interventions: Discuss existing programming to prevent or reduce the health issue within the target population and challenges to interventions and programming.

Recommendations/Conclusion: Make recommendations to resolve the health issue within the target population based on your review of current literature and what you have learned throughout the course.

Minimum of Five References: Use the GCU Library to locate at least five resources, including at least two peer-reviewed articles.

Refer to the “Academic Writing Guidelines Resource.”

Be prepared to present a rough draft of your Research Paper for peer review at the beginning of Topic 6.

Use the completed “Peer Review Guide” from Topic 6 in making revisions and modifications to the final draft of your Research Paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Academic Writing Guidelines Resource

Description

Guidelines and Examples

Organization and Structure

Organization is the internal structure of a piece of writing, the thread of central meaning that ties the piece together from beginning to ending.

A piece of solid academic writing:

Begins with an introduction regarding the piece’s primary purpose or theme, which prepares the reader for what is to come (i.e., thesis statement).
Ends with a conclusion that summarizes the key points of the piece, draws conclusions, and generally provides closure for the reader.

The body of a piece of academic writing can be organized around a variety of structures.

Examples of organizing structures:

Main idea/thesis, with supporting details/evidence
Comparison-contrast
Deductive logic
Point-by-point analysis
Development of central theme
Chronology or history (e.g., of an event, process, era)

Solid academic writing uses transitional words and phrases to provide logical connections and sequencing.

Examples of transitional words:

Addition: also, again, as well as, besides
Consequence: accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason.
Generalizing: as a rule, as usual, generally
Illustration: for example, for instance, for one thing.
Emphasis: above all, chiefly, with attention to, especially, particularly
Similarity: comparatively, coupled with, correspondingly
Exception: aside from, barring, besides, except, excluding
Restatement: in essence, in other words, namely
Comparison: in contrast, by the same token, conversely, instead, likewise
Summarizing: after all, all in all, briefly, in any case, in any event, in conclusion, in short, in summary, finally

Conventions and

Mechanics

Description

Guidelines and Examples

Solid academic writing is characterized by the proper use of conventions and mechanics, including: spelling, grammar, paragraphing, capitalization, and punctuation.

Examples of conventions and mechanics in academic writing:

Proper use of capitalization, punctuation, and quotation marks.
Subject/verb agreement.
Proper use of pronouns.
Technical abbreviations, acronyms, and units of measurement.
Paragraphs that are indented; consisting of three or more sentences.
Use of title page, headers, and footers.
Avoid the use of: contractions, incomplete and run-on sentences.

Word Choice and Usage

In solid academic writing, the use of language is precise, with correct word usage and appropriate word choice.

Guidelines for language use:

In good descriptive writing, strong word choice clarifies and expands ideas.
In persuasive writing, careful word choice moves the reader to a new vision of possibilities.
Effective word choice depends less on an exceptional vocabulary and more on the skill to use everyday words well.
Use a thesaurus for new words with more specific meaning: For example, “pronounce” for “say,” or “embarkation” for “start.” In academic writing, “it” as the subject of a sentence is not acceptable. Make sure the reader knows what the subject of each sentence is.

Research and Resources

In solid academic writing, it is at times necessary to support your thesis or argument with outside research. Use of proper resources for accurate and thoughtful support of any argument or position is essential in academic writing.

Some strongly recommended sources for student use are:

GCU Library for search engines located at: http://library.gcu.edu

For instructions on how to use the GCU library, access and view our tutorials at:

http://my.gcu.edu/Academics/Library/Pages/Help.aspx

For good research techniques, view the tutorials in the Student Success Center.

Other Resources:

Online Writing Lab at Purdue University:http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
Google Scholar:http://scholar.google.com/schhp?hl=en&tab=ws
ProQuest:http://www.proquest.com/en-US/
Lexis/Nexis
Northern Light Search:http://www.nlsearch.com/home.php
INFOMINE Scholarly Internet Research Connections:http://infomine.ucr.edu/

Additional Resources:

1) “Mechanics of Writing”:http://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/0131428993/samplechapter/0131428993_ch01.pdf

2) “Key Terms in Academic Writing”:http://www.esc.edu/esconline/across_esc/writerscomplex.nsf/0/388b46277676ac8b852569cf00615929?OpenDocument

3) “Academic Writing Skills”: http://www.yourdictionary.com/dictionary-articles/Academic-Writing-Skills.html

HLT 515 Full Course Work Latest GCU

Week 8 Assignment: Establishing My Academic and Career Path

As you begin the transition from academic courses to career opportunities, reflect on how the strategies already discussed can help to guide you through the process. Consider the degree path you have chosen and what additional skills or activities you should engage in beyond the academic learning in your courses to be successful. What initiatives and goals do you have for this career? Begin and continue to establish your academic journey and career goals.

Individual courses within the program will offer opportunities through assignments that develop particular skills pertinent to specific career requirements and transfer of acquired knowledge. Other courses and specific assignments such as interview, practicum, and capstone projects provide opportunities for students to be exposed to relevant problems and creative activities in health care. These opportunities will require students to apply techniques acquired from the classroom to active investigation with experienced mentors in the field.

Research where to find career openings in your chosen field, select a position you might be interested in, and identify the qualifications and experience required. Identify these requirements as you progress through the coursework provided in your program. Take initiative to inquire and explore as you make connections with your coursework and career goals. Some items to consider further are membership in a professional association, the use of Internet job boards for research into future trends, licensure compliance throughout the country/world, and occupational conditions such as location, shifts worked, required equipment, or safety standards.

Listed below are some suggestions related to the types of information that you may want to include in this section of the document:

1) Who? Who would make up my network (e.g., peers, instructors, professionals, colleagues) essential to success in my chosen field in relation to this particular course?

2) What?What are my findings from researching competencies and/or certification requirements for my specific job role in relation to this course?

3) When?When should I begin to make the connection between my course of study and my career goals?

4) Where? Where does this course fit in my career goals? Where could I schedule an interview or internship to bridge the theory in my course with the practice of a job in the field?

5) Why?Why are peer-reviewed articles important and what is the significance of them in a career in health care?

6) How? How does this course relate to the requirements of my career goals? How can I make a link between the course and career experience that I need?

Focus on the concepts and skills learned from this course and spend time reflecting on Who, What, When, Where, Why or How, in establishing your academic and career path. Examples are provided below. The table will continue to expand as you progress through the course.

Date

Week 8 Assignment: Case Study

Directions:For this assignment, answer the following questions based on the case study, “Applying Exercise State of Change to a Low-Income Underserved Population”. Use complete sentences when answering each question. Answers to each question should be more than one sentence in length.

1) What was the behavior change theory that was used for this study? Why was this theory selected? Do you think it was the best choice for this study design? How was this model measured? (4 points)

2) Who was the target population for this study? Why was this population group selected? (4 points)

3) Propose how social disparities may have been a factor in the study results. (4 pts)

4) How can this study be used for future research on behavioral change within this population group? (4 points)

5) What are some limitations to this study? Will these limitations affect the applicability of the transtheoretical model to other low-income populations? (4 points)

Week 5 Midterm

1 The main difference between race and ethnicity is:

Race is a social construct and ethnicity is a group of characteristics that describe a group of people.

People can discriminate based upon race, but not on ethnicity.

People who believe in ethnicity and not race believe they are better than other races.

None of the above.

2 Community-Oriented Primary Care is one way to:

Connect clinical care and public health.

Involve community members in the process finding cures to disease.

Reduce health care costs for marginalized citizens.

All of the above.

3 The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services includes all of the following constructs except:

Cultural awareness.

Cultural skill.

Cultural precompetence.

Cultural desire.

4 Each is a contributing factor to individual health except:

Environmental exposures.

Genetics.

Behavior (lifestyle) choices.

Education.

5 An example of a determinant would be:

Smoking.

Hurricane.

Religious beliefs.

All of the above.

6 A current definition of public health might read as:

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health…through organized community effort.

The organized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and the promotion of health.

The totality of all evidence – based public and private efforts that preserve and promote health and prevent disease, disability, and death.

None of the above.

7 The relationship between theories of health and illness and a person’s “bodily experience” can best be described as:

Causal.

Correlational.

Influencing contextual meaning.

None of the above.

8 Nongovernmental organizations provide assistance to public health initiatives by:

Educating the public.

Supporting research.

Providing health services.

All of the above.

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9 Health disparities can be identified by all of the following except:

Higher incidence of chronic disease.

Higher mortality.

Poorer health outcomes compared to the majority of the population.

Ethnicity.

10 The concept of Community-Oriented Primary Care implies:

That public health issues can and should be addressed at the level of the community with active involvement of health care providers and community members.

Certain principles underlie the concept such as defining health care needs by examining the community as a whole.

That great leadership is required to develop community partnerships.

All of the above.

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11 A member of the Black Panther Party could be classified as which of the following in the acculturation framework discussed in the text:

Assimilated.

Integrated.

Marginal.

Separated.

12 The best example of how approaches to public health have changed over time would be:

A paradigm shift in the focus of attention in improving public health.

Development and discoveries within the medical profession.

Cultural and societal changes in the way we live.

None of the above.

13 Which is not a step in developing Community-Oriented Primary Care?

Community definition.

Evaluation.

Intervention.

Assurance.

14 Theories of illness can be divided into what two categories?

Personalistic and naturalistic.

Worldview and community view.

Cognitive orientation and cultural orientation.

None of the above.

15 Evil eye is an example of:

A cognitive theory of illness.

A personalistic theory of illness.

A naturalistic theory of illness.

None of the above.

16 Multicultural health can be described as all, but the following:

Taking into consideration a patient’s lifestyle when offering treatment.

Not judging those health beliefs and practices that are different from your own.

Determining one best approach for providing health care.

Providing care within legal, ethical, and medically sound practices.

17 Causes of health disparities associated with residential location may include each of the following except:

Environmental toxins.

Economic stress.

Diversity.

Physical conditions.

18 The United States is often referred to as a “melting pot” because:

It is very diverse.

It is a leader in refining and melting precious metals.

Health care professionals work together to offer quality health care

None of the above.

19 The main difference between a biomedical and a holistic approach to care is:

Research studies.

Consideration of social aspects affecting wellness.

Cultural beliefs.

All of the above.

20 Currently, an example of a vulnerable group would be:

High risk mother and children

People with disabilities.

Immune-suppressed persons.

All of the above.

21 The Lalonde Report was significant because:

First acknowledgment that health is determined by more than biological factors.

Led to the development of the health field concept.

Both A and B.

None of the above

22 Local health departments outside of large cities did not exist until:

The 19th century.

The 20th century.

The 18th century.

None of the above.

23 An example of an essential public health service would be:

Regulation of nursing homes.

Assessment.

Assurances.

Policy development.

24 Understanding cultural adaptation is important for health care professionals because:

They will be better prepared to identify which race or ethnicity a person is.

They will be better prepared to deal with such issues as language barriers and distrust of the American medical system.

Both A and B.

None of the above.

25 The agency most identified with public health at the federal level is:

The World Health Organization.

The National Institutes of Health.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

None of the above.

26 The process that occurs when individuals or groups of different cultures are absorbed into the dominant society is called:

Adaptation.

Integration.

Acculturation.

Assimilation

27 The federal government’s role in public health is largely dictated by:

The Interstate Commerce clause of the US constitution.

Acceptance by the states of federal funding.

Both A and B.

None of the above.

28 Private foundations have played a major role in funding public health efforts and also:

Advancing public health efforts.

Stimulating governmental funding.

Both A and B.

None of the above

29 The four components of population health are:

Health Issues, Interventions, Social Justice, and Health Concerns.

Health Issues, Population(s), Society’s Shared Health Concerns, and Society’s Vulnerable Groups.

Health Issues, Healthcare Systems, Traditional Public Health, and Social Policy.

None of the above.

30 Each is a core public health function except:

Assessment.

Assurance.

Addressing underlying causes of disease.

Policy development.