BSC 2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 11 Discussion

Self-Assessment and Reflection

You made it! You’re finishing up a difficult series of A&P courses! Take a moment and reflect on how much your knowledge of human anatomy and physiology has improved.

In your BSC 2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 11 Discussion post, address the following questions:

How will your increased knowledge of anatomy and physiology impact your chosen career?

Did these courses improve your ability to think critically about patient scenarios?

Is critical thinking important within your professional field?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 01 Case Study

Question 1

Jasper is a 7-year-old boy who has had flu-like symptoms for several weeks. It was mild at first, but his parents notice that he has been getting worse. They took him to his pediatrician last week, but he was sent home with suggestions to use OTC medication to treat his symptoms while his body recovered from what appeared to be a mild infection. Jasper appears weak, has lost 3-4 pounds in the last month, and has been complaining of headaches. Jasper’s parents have now brought him back to the clinic and another physician orders a CBC.

What is a CBC? In your own words, briefly describe why it is useful.

Question 2

The physician suspects that Jasper may have leukemia. Which of the lab results most likely lead the physician to this conclusion?

Question 3

Jasper exhibits many symptoms that could relate to a diagnosis of leukemia. List and briefly explain 2 other symptoms of leukemia that are NOT mentioned in this case study.

Question 4

Because of Jasper’s age, which type of leukemia is the most likely?

Question 5

If Jasper has ALL, which of the following lab results is most likely?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Discussion Assignments Module 2 Case Study

Question 1

Rashidah is a 55-year-old female who is experiencing acute chest pain and shortness of breath. She describes the pain as “pressure and squeezing.” When she becomes nauseous and light-headed, her son insists that he take her to the emergency room.

Health History: She started smoking when she was 18, attempted to quit several times in her 40s, and had her last cigarette on her 50th birthday. She has been overweight for most of her adult life, but has gained 20 pounds in the last few years, which increased her BMI to 34. The last time she had a physical exam was when she turned 50. Her vital signs and blood test results from that exam are listed below.

BP: 178/90

HDL: 62 mg/dl

LDL: 190 mg/dl

Triglycerides: 174 mg/dl

Total cholesterol: 252 mg/dl

Fasting blood glucose: 128 mg/dl

Which of these statements is most likely ?

Answers:

Rashidah is experiencing a stroke.

If Rashidah’s symptoms persist even when she rests, she is experiencing angina.

Rashidah is likely experiencing a myocardial infarction.

Since Rashidah’s symptoms are acute, she is likely suffering from a respiratory disorder.

Question 2

In the emergency room, multiple tests are performed. Which of these results would confirm myocardial damage?

Answers:

Decrease myoglobin

Elevated troponin and creatine kinase

Elevated blood glucose levels

Increase in WBC count

Question 3

Which of Rashidah’s physical exam lab test results was within normal limits for her age and sex?

Answers:

HDL

LDL

Total cholesterol

Fasting blood glucose

Question 4

Given her last physical exam results, Rashidah’s physician believes she has likely had undiagnosed atherosclerosis for years. Briefly describe the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

Question 5

Rashidah’s most recent Body Mass Index indicates that she is:

Answers:

Underweight

Healthy

Overweight

Obese

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Discussion Assignments Module 03 Case Study

Question 1

Bonnie, a 52-year-old female, has been having some mild pain in her legs recently and is not sure if she should be concerned about it. She decides to visit her primary care physician since the pain isn’t going away. Bonnie tells her physician that the pain feels like a “general soreness or ache” and seems to be worse on the left side. Her physician notes that the left lower leg seems slightly swollen when compared to the right and feels slightly warmer than the right leg.

Bonnie has a history of smoking (1-2 packs/week in her 20s and 30s). She has a BMI of 29. She travels often to see her family that lives across the country. The only medication she has ever taken regularly was oral contraceptives. Now that she is peri-menopausal, she has been treating her symptoms with hormone replacement therapy.

Which of these statements is most likely ?

Answers:

Bonnie has deep vein thrombosis.

Bonnie’s leg pain is likely caused by shin splints.

Bonnie is likely experiencing osteoarthritis.

Bonnie is experiencing symptoms relating to peripheral neuropathy.

Question 2

Bonnie’s physician suspects DVT. Which of the following procedures would likely be used to diagnose this condition?

Answers:

Ultrasound

Blood glucose test

X-ray

Arteriogram

Question 3

Briefly define “thrombus” in your own words.

Question 4

Many of the symptoms Bonnie is experiencing could be related to cardiovascular issues, like DVT. Which of the following symptoms would also relate to that diagnosis?

Answers:

Cold extremities

Red or discolored skin on her legs

Numbness in her hands and fingers

Numbness following the S1 dermatome

Question 5

How does Bonnie’s frequent traveling relate to her diagnosis? Briefly explain this in your own words.

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 04 Case Study

Question 1

Zane, a 26-year-old male, came upon a car accident and immediately started to help the victims, who were pinned in their car. There was blood all over the scene and Zane acted without having any personal protective equipment. While helping the victims, he cut his arms in several places on the sharp metal and shards of glass. A few weeks later, he developed flu-like symptoms that persisted for several days. He went to his clinic and tested negative for influenza.

Because of his recent exposure, Zane’s doctor was suspicious of blood borne pathogens. Which of the following disorders are blood-borne diseases?

Answers:

HIV infection

Hepatitis A

Cirrhosis

Leukemia

Question 2

Lab tests confirm the presence of HIV antibodies in Zane’s blood. Briefly describe why there are antibodies present.

Question 3

Briefly define “autoimmunity” and “immunodeficiency” in your own words. Which of these conditions is Zane more likely to develop?

Question 4

During the primary HIV infection, which of the following cells decreases in number?

Answers:

T-cells

B-cells

Natural killer cells

Phagocytes

Question 5

Which of the following statements is ?

Answers:

HIV typically causes AIDs within the first year of exposure.

AIDs is caused by depletion of B-cells.

The cause of death for a patient with AIDS is usually an opportunistic infection.

HIV is treated with antibiotics.

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 05 Midterm Exam

• Question 1

What is of cellular immunity?

• Question 2

What is NOT about the breathing process?

• Question 3

What term best describes the normal amount of air that is brought into and out of the lungs during quiet or resting breathing?

• Question 4

What portion of the EKG wave pertains ventricles contracting during the cardiac cycle?

• Question 5

What term best describes the amount of air expelled from the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Discussion Assignments Module 06 Case Study

Question 1

Maria, a 66-year-old female, visits her physician complaining of sudden onset abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. She does not take any prescription medications, but does take aspirin each day to lower her risk of heart disease. She has no notable history of digestive system issues. Maria has a family history of pancreatitis. She is slightly obese and has been mostly sedentary since her recent retirement. Her doctor performs multiple tests and diagnoses Maria with diverticulitis.

Diverticulitis affects which digestive organ?

Answers:

Large intestine

Small intestine

Stomach

Liver

Question 2

Briefly explain, in your own words, the anatomy of diverticula. Include information about the layers of the alimentary canal.

Question 3

Diverticula may be asymptomatic for years or for a lifetime. Describe, in your own words, why diverticula may cause sudden pain.

Question 4

In addition to the symptoms Maria reported, which of these symptoms is commonly related to diverticulitis?

Answers:

Pain in the upper right quadrant

Pain in the upper left quadrant

Constipation

Vomiting

Question 5

Which part of Maria’s history is NOT a risk factor for diverticulitis?

Answers:

Aspirin regimen

Obesity

Sedentary lifestyle

Family history of pancreatitis

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BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Discussion Assignments Module 07 Case Study

Question 1

Kelly is a 36-year-old female who has a history of type 2 diabetes, several respiratory infections as a child, and two full-term pregnancies (5 and 7 years ago). Two days ago, she began feeling a burning sensation when urinating. Her pain is progressively getting worse. Kelly assumes that she has a urinary tract infection (UTI) and makes an appointment at her primary clinic to seek relief.

A urinary tract infection could affect all of the following organs, except:

Answers:

Spleen

Kidneys

Bladder

Urethra

Question 2

Kelly’s physician orders a urinalysis. If she has a UTI, which of the following will most likely be abnormal?

Answers:

Hemoglobin

Nitrates

Leukocytes

Question 3

Having female anatomy is a major risk factor for UTIs. Briefly describe, in your own words, why this is .

Question 4

Aside from being female, which other risk factor is mentioned in Kelly’s history?

Question 5

Kelly’s physician determines that her infection has reached her bladder. What is this called?

Answers:

Urethritis

Cystitis

Pyelonephritis

Ureteritis

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 08 Case Study

Question 1

Jeff is a 57-year-old male with a long history of type 1 diabetes. He takes insulin to manage his diabetes, but has been having trouble maintaining steady blood glucose levels over the last two weeks. Jeff suffered a week-long case of influenza last month, but is otherwise healthy. This morning, he began vomiting upon waking. This was followed by extreme abdominal pain and extreme thirst. He called his endocrinologist, who told him that he needs to seek emergency care.

Given Jeff’s history of type 1 diabetes, which of the following conditions is he most likely experiencing?

Answers:

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory alkalosis

Diabetic alkalosis

Question 2

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a type of respiratory acidosis.

Answers:

Question 3

If Jeff has diabetic ketoacidosis, which of the following symptoms may he also be experiencing?

Answers:

Infrequent urination

Deep, rapid breathing

Lethargy

Increased salivation

Question 4

To diagnosis his condition, a blood osmolality test is ordered. An abnormally high result could point to all of the following conditions EXCEPT:

Answers:

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Stroke or head trauma

Dehydration

Oversecretion of ADH

Question 5

If Jeff has an acidic condition related to his diabetes, which of the following signs are likely to be present?

Answers:

Tachycardia and hypotension

Bradycardia and hypotension

Bradycardia and hypertension

Tachycardia and hypertension

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Discussion Assignments Module 09 Case Study

Question 1

Samira is a 26-year-old female with a history of intense dysmenorrhea. She experience menarche at age 11. Her menstrual cycles average 25 days in length. She has a BMI of 18. Her menstrual cycle pain had decreased over the last 3 years while she was consistently taking birth control pills. However, she is now planning her first pregnancy and has been off birth control for 6 months now. She has yet to conceive, even though she and her partner have been carefully timing intercourse and monitoring Samira’s fertility window each month. Her dysmenorrhea has returned and she has developed menometrorrhagia, along with other cyclical symptoms like diarrhea, bloating, and craving salty foods.

Samira’s physician is concerned that she may have endometriosis. Briefly explain the pathophysiology of this condition.

Question 2

Which of Samira’s symptoms is most likely NOT related to endometriosis?

Answers:

Craving salty food

Diarrhea

Dysmenorrhea

Bloating

Question 3

Why would Samira’s dysmenorrhea symptoms decrease when taking birth control pills?!

Question 4

List and briefly describe 3 risk factors Samira has for endometriosis.

Question 5

Aside from the symptoms Samira has, which of the following symptoms is also likely for women who experience endometriosis? (Select all that apply.)

Answers:

Fatigue

Pain with bowel movements

Pain with intercourse

Increased likelihood of gonorrhea

Increased risk of genital warts

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 10 Case Study

QUESTION 1

Hawa is a 26-year-old female patient with a history of infertility. She and her partner have been trying to conceive naturally for 2 years. Hawa started taking fertility medication 6 months ago to stimulate follicle development. At 21 years of age, she was diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease, which was treated with antibiotics. Her menstrual cycle has been unpredictable over the last 3 months, with sporadic light bleeding. During the last month, she has felt nauseous and experienced diarrhea. Yesterday, she had a sudden onset of abdominal and pelvic pain and heavy vaginal bleeding. She is concerned about the sudden change and sees her gynecologist the following day.

Hawa’s gynecologist is concerned she may be experiencing an ectopic pregnancy. Briefly describe what this means, in your own words.

QUESTION 2

There are many risk factors for ectopic pregnancies. Which risk factors does Hawa display?

QUESTION 3

Hawa’s physician explains that most ectopic pregnancies are “tubal pregnancies.” What does this mean?

Fertilization occurred outside the fallopian tube.

Implantation occurred outside the fallopian tube.

Implantation occurred within the fallopian tube.

Both ovaries released an egg into fallopian tube.

QUESTION 4

Why is it concerning for a fertilized egg to implant outside of the uterus?

QUESTION 5

If Hawa takes a pregnancy test, it will be negative because ectopic pregnancies do not produce the human chorionic gonadotropin.

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 3 Quiz

• Question 1

The cardiac conduction system causes the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart to contract at the same time, and then the left atrium and left ventricle contract at that same time?

• Question 2

The SA node can influence cardiac output?

• Question 3

Which statement is NOT ?

• Question 4

The electrocardiogram (EKG) graph/measurement is dependent upon the AV node generating the electrical impulse?

• Question 5

What statement is NOT regarding blood vessels?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 4 Quiz

• Question 1

What is NOT regarding inflammation?

• Question 2

What is NOT of a fever?

• Question 3

What is NOT of the humoral and cellular immune defenses?

• Question 4

Phagocytes are cells that have the capability of engulfing other cells, including human and bacterial cells, along with cellular debris to digest and break down?

• Question 5

What is of the innate immune defenses?

BSC 2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 11 Discussion

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Discussion Assignments – Module 6 Quiz

• Question 1

Which of the following is regarding metabolism?

Anabolism is the process of breaking down larger structures/molecules into smaller ones.

Cellular respiration is the catabolic reactions in the cells utilized to make ATP.

The most efficient production of ATP does not require oxygen.

Protein metabolism for the production of ATP produces harmful ketone bodies as a by-product.

• Question 2

The uvula is a projection of the soft palate that assists in closing off the nasopharynx during chewing and swallowing.

• Question 3

Which of the following is NOT found in gastric juices?

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Intrinsic factor

Pepsinogen

Sodium bicarbonate ions

• Question 4

Which cell creates and secretes hydrochloric acid?

Mucous cells

Parietal cells

Chief cells

Enteroendocrine cells

• Question 5

Which of the following is regarding salvia?

It contains the digestive enzyme amylase.

It is mostly composed of nitrogen.

It contains intrinsic factor.

It plays no role in the sense of taste.

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Discussion Assignments – Module 7 Quiz

1. Tubular secretion within urine formation is when:

2. The kidneys secrete a hormone that influences red blood cell production?

3. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is highly regulated because if GFR increases, the amount of urine output decreases?

4. Diuretics are a class of drugs that increase the activity of antidiuretic hormone?

5. What is of a nephron?

6. In healthy kidneys, what is not a common substance filtered out of the glomerulus?

1. Site of filtrate formation.

2. Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.

3. Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.

4. Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs

5. Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells

6. High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule.

7. May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels.

8. Play a role in urine concentration.

9. Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.

10. The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

11. Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

12. An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

13. The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

14. The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

15. Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II – Module 8 Quiz

A & P II Module 8 Quiz

1. Blood pressure will increase with the increased reabsorption of sodium ions?

2. Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause and lead to cardiac arrhythmias?

3. If the carbon dioxide levels increase within the body, blood pH levels increase?

4. Metabolic alkalosis can occur from a person vomiting excessively, which will result in a decrease of blood pH levels?

5. Edema is abnormal accumulation of fluid that occurs within the cells?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Discussion Assignments – Module 10 Quiz

Anatomy & Physiology II Module 10 Quiz

1.This is the term given to the mass of cells that contains trophoblast cells and an inner mass of cells that implants within the endometrium:

2.What is NOT a change to a mother’s organ systems during pregnancy?

3.This stage of the delivery is when crowning occurs?

4.What best describes the umbilical vein?

5.An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants outside of the endometrium and is rarely life threatening for the mother?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Discussion Assignments – MIDTERM EXAM

• Question 1

What is of cellular immunity?

• Question 2

What is NOT about the breathing process?

• Question 3

What term best describes the normal amount of air that is brought into and out of the lungs during quiet or resting breathing?

• Question 4

What portion of the EKG wave pertains ventricles contracting during the cardiac cycle?

• Question 5

What term best describes the amount of air expelled from the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort?

• Question 6

What statement is of capillaries?

• Question 7

For inspiration to occur, intrapulmonary pressure must be higher than atmospheric pressure?

• Question 8

Coagulation is the final step in the hemostasis process?

• Question 9

As the inspiratory muscles contract, the thoracic volume increases leading to an increase of pulmonary volume, which decreases the intrapulmonary pressure.

• Question 10

Stroke volume is the measurement of:

FINAL EXAM

• Question 1
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial fluid, not the intracellular fluid?

Answers: True

False

• Question 2

What is NOT true of the dilation phase of delivery?

Answers: A.

It is the beginning of uterine contractions

It is the longest phase of labor

Cervical dilation occurs

It is when the mom actively pushes the baby out

• Question 3

The role of the liver in the digestive system is to:

Answers: A.

Remove toxins from the digestive system

Assist in the mechanical breakdown of fats

Chemically digest fats

Absorb fats

• Question 4

What is true of fiber?

Answers:

A. It is a form of protein

B. We can only absorb it with the presence of fat

C. Our bodies can digest it and extract the nutrients from it

D. It can help prevent constipation

• Question 5

Hyponatremia is usually corrected by a decrease in antidiuretic hormone?

Answers: True

False

• Question 6

The acrosome of a sperm:

Answers:

A. Protects the sperm from the acidic vagina pH

B. Protects the sperm from the female’s leukocytes

C. Contains enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the egg

D. Is used for energy allowing sperm to be motile

• Question 7

The extracellular fluid is about 1/3 of the overall body water content?

Answers: True

False

• Question 8

What is NOT true of the male and female urethras?

Answers: A.

Males are more at risk for bladder infections due to the length of the urethra

If there is urinary retention, then a catheter is inserted within an individual

The male’s urethra passes through the prostate gland

The female’s urethra is much shorter compared to the male’s urethra

• Question 9

Diuretics have what effect on the kidneys?

Answers: A.

Decrease glucose reabsorption

Increase water excretion

Increase sodium ion reabsorption

Increase potassium ion reabsorption

• Question 10

An egg is typically fertilized within the uterus of a female reproductive tract?

Answers: True

False

• Question 11

Only hypokalemia can lead to cardiac arrthmias?

Answers: True

False

• Question 12

What hormone has the most powerful effect on water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

Answers:

A. Atrial natriuretic peptide

B. Antidiuretic hormone

C. Erythropoietin

D. Diuretics

• Question 13

What substance or hormone would not lead to dehydration?

Answers:

A. Aldosterone

B. Diarrhea

C. Atrial natriuretic peptide

D. Diuretics

• Question 14

The uterine cycle is regulated directly by follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone?

Answers: True

False

• Question 15

The mouth allows for the processes of chemical and mechanical digestion?

Answers: True

False

• Question 16

Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by:

Answers:

A. Shallow breathing

B. Hyperventilating

C. Increasing the H+ ion concentration

D. Pneumonia

• Question 17

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Which of the following is not found within semen?

Answers:

A. Testosterone

B. Prostate fluid

C. Seminal vesicle fluid

D. Sperm

• Question 18

What type of cell produces hydrochloric acid within the gastric glands?

Answers:

A. Enteroendocrine cells

B. Parietal cells

C. Chief cells

D. Mucous cells

• Question 19

What is true of the nephrons?

Answers:

A. The blood is filtered in the renal tubule section

B. They are the structural and function units of the kidneys

C. The loop of Henle is designed to assist in maximizing glucose reabsorption

D. They are only found in the cortex of the kidneys

• Question 20

What is NOT a function of lipids in our body?

Answers:

A. Used as the body’s primary source of energy

B. Cellular structural support

C. Hormonal synthesis

D. Found in the myelin sheaths of axons.

• Question 21

What is NOT true of lipid metabolism?

Answers:

A. It occurs if the body cannot make enough energy from glucose

B. Can lead to a fruity smell to the urine and breath

C. It will occur after carbohydrate and protein metabolism efforts have been exhausted

D. It produces ketone by products. BSC 2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 11 Discussion

• Question 22

The cephalic phase of gastric secretion can be stimulated by the sight, taste or even smell of food?

Answers: True

False

• Question 23

A vasectomy is a medical procedure where the epididymis is cut and the ends are cauterized to prevent the passage of sperm within the male reproductive system?

Answers:

True

False

• Question 24

What is NOT a change in a female’s body during pregnancy?

Answers:

A. The stomach enlarges allowing for more digestion to occur

B. Cardiac output increases

C. Respiration rate increases

D. The glomerular filtration rate increases. BSC 2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 11 Discussion

• Question 25

Luteinizing hormone within the female reproductive system directly influences what process?

Answers:

A. Endometrium thickening

B. Menstruation

C. Follicle development

D. Ovulation of the oocyte. BSC 2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 11 Discussion