Special Populations Presentation Wk4IA

8 Substance Abuse Counseling and Co-occurring Disorders CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to:

1. Recognize substance dependence and substance abuse.

2. Know key diagnoses and definitions from the DSM-IV-TR.

3. Be aware of the various co-occurring disorders that are common to substance abusers.

4. Understand the various screening and assessment tools that are used in the treatment of substance abuse disorders.

5. Know the 12 core functions associated with substance abuse treatment.

6. Be aware of the impact that denial has on the addicted population’s prognosis.

7. Understand the dynamics of relapse prevention.

INTRODUCTION The prevalence of offenders suffering from substance use and abuse problems currently in the American Criminal Justice System is staggering. The massive increase in the number of convicted offenders suffering from substance abuse began in the 1980s and continues through the present. As Hanser (2006) points out, any informed discussion of drug offenders in the United States must begin with the war declared on drugs by the U.S. Government. As crack cocaine began to sweep through the nation in the early to mid-1980s an outcry shivered through the fabric of our society. Not only was the drug trade burgeoning and access to illegal substances becoming easier than ever, the violent crime rate was also increasing. A connection was quickly made between the expanding drug culture and the often violent incidents that occurred within its realm. This connection, along with societal upheaval, forced the government to take action in an attempt to rid ourselves from the evils and perils commonly associated with substance abuse and criminal behavior. The resulting action taken by federal and state lawmakers has been to draft laws aimed at corralling illegal substance–using offenders. Special Populations Presentation Wk4IA

Answer questions in RED only with 150 words per question

Chapters provided.

1. Identify which counseling models would be effective in an incarceration setting.

2. Identify which counseling models would be effective in community corrections.

3. Describe techniques for changing behavior, according to a specified counseling model.

4. Discuss behavioral approaches to counseling.

5. Identify basic techniques used in cognitive therapy.

6. Discuss reality therapy.

7. Discuss Gestalt therapy.

8. Identify common techniques used in Gestalt therapy.

9. Know the basic principles of family systems therapy, including circular causality, cybernetics, homeostasis, and feedback loops.

10. . What are the basic components and processes to anger management and domestic abuse group interventions.

11. . Identify Groetsch’s three categories of domestic batterers.

5 Common Theoretical Counseling Perspectives CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to:

Discuss behavioral approaches to counseling.

Identify common techniques used in behavioral therapy.

Discuss cognitive approaches to counseling.

Identify basic techniques used in cognitive therapy.

Discuss reality therapy.

Identify common techniques used in reality therapy.

Discuss Gestalt therapy.

Identify common techniques used in Gestalt therapy.

Explain the theoretical aspects and techniques associated with Bowenian family systems therapy.

What are the various techniques of family systems therapy that correctional counselors can utilize.

INTRODUCTION A variety of counseling perspectives have been created since the birth of psychology and the helping professions. Counseling perspective is a particular approach to counseling based on specific assumptions regarding determinants of cognition and behavior. Most counseling perspectives also include specific techniques of intervention directly related to the perspective’s assumptions concerning human behavior. An important prelude to what follows is that each perspective contains unique contributions to help people identify and overcome psychological and emotional issues causing distress. The various causes of distress are broad and diverse. As a result we encourage students to maintain an open mind while critically reviewing each perspective. The extreme diversity within the offender population cannot be overemphasized. In addition, our society is becoming more diverse as different cultures are increasingly forced to interact due to spatial limitations as well as the process of globalism. Based on these facts we suggest the following intellectual framework as a foundation for readers of this chapter: 1. There is no right or wrong counseling perspective. 2. Each perspective contains parameters that may be useful under certain conditions with certain offenders. 3. Counselors should be flexible in their approach to help and should be able to draw techniques and reasoning from various perspectives. 4. In order to effectively help others counselors, themselves must have a good understanding of their own strengths and weaknesses. 5. As you examine each counseling perspective reflect on the following question: “How can this information help me to better understand my own intellectual perceptions and behavior?” In this chapter we present four counseling perspectives: (1) Behavioral Therapy, (2) Cognitive Therapy (including Cognitive Behavior Therapy), (3) Reality Therapy, and (4) Gestalt Therapy. Obviously, there are additional therapeutic approaches found throughout the literature. Some of these approaches are very specific aimed at particular types of dysfunction and prescribe specific types of treatment. The reason for our selections is that each perspective is used extensively within the offender population. We make no claim that one perspective is superior to the other. In fact, we urge the opposite and once again invite students to explore this information from a point of neutrality accompanied by personal introspection. Finally, we would like to point out that we rely heavily on the work of Corey (2005) in creating the foundation for much of the information contained in this chapter. PART ONE: BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES One of the most significant proponents of behavioral theory was B. F. Skinner (1904–1990). Skinner spent much of his career researching various behavioral techniques all of which are aimed at increasing one’s personal choices through the creations of new conditions of learning. Behavior therapy is heavily grounded in objectivity with the basic assumption that behavior can be learned. For example, behavior theorists posit that addiction is a learned behavior and because it is learned new behaviors can also be learned in order to replace the dysfunctional qualities of addiction. Corey (2005) provides 10 key factors related to behavior therapy that provides a robust foundation from which one is able to intellectually frame the basic underpinnings of behavior therapy. In addition to Corey (2005), several other authors including Kazdin (2001), Miltenberger (2004), as well as Speigler and Gueveremont (2003) have made significant contributions to the following factors. 1. As mentioned above, behavior therapy is primarily rooted in objectivity. As such, the scientific method of conducting research and experiments is central to behavior therapy. Corey (2005) notes, “the distinguishing characteristic of behavioral practitioners is their systematic adherence to precision and to empirical evaluation” (p. 232). The problem is clearly stated, the intervention is clearly identified, outcomes are empirically tested, and the entire process undergoes continual revision. 2. The primary interest of behavior therapy is the specific nature of the offender’s current problem. Past events may be useful at times but are not considered primary. Special Populations Presentation Wk4IA

Goal Setting and Case Planning in Correctional Settings

Goal Setting and Case Planning in Correctional Settings

Chalyne Arvie

CPSS385

SAIRA DIN

November 12, 2018

Abstract

In this paper, we will discuss how correctional counseling services for adults and juveniles and differ. From the goals to the motivation and then the actual steps taken to attain and achieve those goals work differently for both the two systems although they both work on the same principle of incarceration. Juvenile correctional policies are a lot lenient for obvious purposes and we will see why and how exactly.

Introduction

The primary goal with correctional counseling is to intervene therapeutically with offenders to make it easier for them to transition back into society by mending their ways. The interventions include pre-release, post-release, vocational, marital and educational adjustments to make an offender more functional. Both adult and juvenile offenders have specific needs that need to be addressed, the juvenile system is supposedly the more lenient and considerate system and we will discuss the motivations behind it being that way. Special Populations Presentation Wk4IA

Discussion

Correctional Counselling for Adults

Many people hold the opinion that the goal of correctional counseling is to reduce recidivism. For the success of correctional counseling means reduced reoffending and failure means client’s recidivism. But correctional counseling and therapy is in fact just one procedure of a series of procedures that form the criminal justice system. It is the responsibility of the entire system working as a whole unit to ensure that an offender does not re-offend a crime and that they are dealt away accordingly. The actual aim of correctional counseling is to help offenders understand and overcome conflicts inside of themselves, to overcome their shortcomings, to develop more accurate social cognitions and to understand themselves and the people around them in a better way. (Schrink & Hamm, 1989; Sun, 2005). The question that arises now is what makes all of this quantifiable, how do you measure success and progress? Since the focus of correctional counseling is to help clients deal with their issues, that’s exactly how it should be measured. There should be a set of goals decided by the case manager and client, and those should be used to benchmark the offender’s progress and status with rehabilitation therapies. Setting goals that are realistic, and obtainable involves identifying what the client would like to accomplish, the goals are never really fixed and can be altered as new insights are identified. The risk and needs assessment instrument is a great way to measure that if the specific needs of a client are addressed, it will reduce the like hood of them repeating the offense they were convicted for. The assessment instrument is made up of a detailed questionnaire, which is used to interview an offender to collect data on their behaviors and attitudes that might become a reason for recidivism. When it comes to adults the goals are to fix and improve health, emotional stability, education, vocational skills, substance abuse, and mental ability.

Correctional Counselling for Juveniles

Juvenile Correction is the more lenient system, for those offenders who have not come of age and are under 18. One of the similarities between the two systems is that both use incarceration as punishment for offenders, however with juveniles, the major difference is rehabilitation which is a key concept and one that is often adopted before any other form of correction. There are more incentive programs for young offenders, some of these services not even applicable to adult offenders, which focuses more on punishment and less on correction. This is because of two phenomena:

· Desistance:

Researchers have found that youth who commit offenses are unlikely to repeat that offense at a later age, the behavior desists as they approach adulthood, only 8-10% of youth have been found to continue this behavior with age. Youth who commit one or more delinquent acts by no means is going to repeat that behavior later on or make it a habit, hence labeling them as chronic offenders or punishing them severely to reduce the chance of them repeating the offense is not logical.

• Age Relativity

Another concept that is important is the behavioral symptoms we experience at one age may not be carried to another age. In simple terms what may be abnormal at one age may not be abnormal at another stage, for example, smoking at age of 11 is delinquent behavior but smoking at age of 16 is normal and comes with experimental nature of late teens. Factors may be considered risk at one age but not another, thus treatment needs to be in a way that’s corrective and punishment. Special Populations Presentation Wk4IA

The traditional Juvenile program used to be deficit based, policies and programs were designed to identify the problems in youth and implement strategies to reduce those problems, the offenders were classified by the seriousness of those problems, the level of risk they presented to the public and their service needs. Treatments used to reduce the effects of their problems included: cognitive therapies, behavior modification, and interventions that addressed substance abuse, sexual offending, family conflict, and school failure. These were traditionally the goals towards Juvenile correction, on basis of which the case managers used to base their entire treatment and campaigns (M. Vincent, S. Guy, and Grisso, 2012). Special Populations Presentation Wk4IA

However recently, practitioners have questioned the effectiveness of these methods and the deficit-based model has been under consideration, new perspectives are being adopted and recommendations are being made to revive the juvenile correction process. The emerging shift focuses on making use of data and research to make decisions when it comes to justice for youth, in a manner that favors both the youth and public safety. Evidence-based practices are now recommended, approaches that have the evidence of being successfully in similar situations are now recommended. This promotes fundamental fairness, youth potential, safety, and responsibility.

Finally, for youth, it is recommended that decisions about the case be made on basis of professional judgments and not just scores derived from any kind of assessments. Although it sounds logical to base the decision on risk and needs, for youth it is not just ideal and the decision should involve ethical and humanitarian factors and should be service availability and cost friendly so that it’s accessible to all.

Conclusion

Releasing back an offender into a society is risky business and proper identification of goals is important to ensure they are fully corrected before reintegrating with the society. For adults, it’s important proper assessment techniques are used to devise goals, which should be strictly monitored for progress, for Juveniles a more lenient compassionate approach should be taken because age mends and strict punishment may just stunt character growth. Correction is important for all and everybody deserves it in a way that puts no harm to society, institution and the offender themselves. Special Populations Presentation Wk4IA

REFERENCES

· M. Vincent, G., S. Guy, L. and Grisso, T. (2012). Risk Assessment in Juvenile Justice: A Guidebook for Implementation.

· Sun, K. (2005, May). Anxiety reduction, interaction schemas, and negative cognitions about the self.Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Los Angeles, CA.

· Yourceus.com. (2018). CFN9885 – SECTION 8: COUNSELING AND TREATMENT GOALS. [online] Available at: https://www.yourceus.com/pages/cfn8685-section-viii-counseling-and-treatment-goals [Accessed 10 Nov. 2018].