Practice Questions Assignment Paper
Practice Questions Assignment Paper
John B. Watson emphasized the need for procuring data that has maximum scientific benefit. In order to accomplish this, he argued that certain factors had to be eliminated from the research process. Which of the following most comprehensively describes what Watson believed has no place in valid research:
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| Pre-conceived notion | ||
| Subjectivity | ||
| Bias | ||
| Influence |
Janet and Harumi are undertaking research to gauge the effectiveness of a new job-coaching intervention. They are interested in whether the intervention itself has a measurable effect on Work-Adjustment Training (WAT) participants with the goal of improving punctuality. It is essential that the two researchers comprehensively define and document all parameters and techniques. These steps will ensure the ability to ________ the research.
| Publicize | ||
| Replicate | ||
| Analyze | ||
| Criticize |
The term participant has recently supplanted the term subject in describing those who undergo an action to alter their behavior. The term participant has entered professional lexicon due to its ability to accurately stress all but which of the following concepts
| Willingness | ||
| Informed consent | ||
| Investment | ||
| Relinquishment | ||
| Reinforcement hinges on the principle that a behavior will increase in the future with the introduction of post-behavior ________. | ||
| Debriefing | ||
| Consequence | ||
| Alteration | ||
| Feedback |
The recording of dependent variables is undertaken with the goal of ________ behavior(s).
| Qualifying | ||
| Quantifying | ||
| Contrasting | ||
| Quantifying and qualifying |
Claudio has been diagnosed with ADHD. When measuring the frequency of Claudio’s targeted behavior – ringing a buzzer at the first sign that his concentration is waning – the number of times Claudio hits the buzzer is recorded by the observer(s). The length of periods of observation of Claudio should:
| Remain constant | ||
| Vary randomly | ||
| Increase or decrease as needed | ||
| Vary according to Claudio’s frustration threshold |
“Trials to criterion” is a method used to determine how ________ a participant acquires a targeted skill.
| Independently | ||
| Frequently | ||
| Rapidly | ||
| Systematically |
Anecdotal recording is utilized in order to provide:
| History | ||
| Narrative | ||
| Context | ||
| Content |
the primary goal of single subject research is the ability to establish ________ between independent and dependent variables.
| Functionality | ||
| Inter-relatedness | ||
| Understanding | ||
| Intra-relatedness |
Based on the principle of ________, a nonfunctioning independent variable will cause the dependent variable to remain at baseline status.
| Verification | ||
| Prediction | ||
| Replication | ||
| Analysis |
Candi is a subject who frequently jeopardizes and sabotages her employment opportunities by leaving for break early and returning late. You are observing her today in her Work-Adjustment Training (WAT) program. She seems to have taken an instant liking to you, the observer. Today, Candi has left on time for each of her breaks and has returned early. It is most likely that Candi is demonstrating:
| Acting | ||
| Participant drift | ||
| Reactivity | ||
| Evasiveness |
You are observing Hussein, a 22-year-old subject, who has difficulty focusing on reading tasks. You have already established a baseline, and you have previously introduced an independent variable. You are currently in the third day of observing him at task. His performance differs markedly today as compared to previous days. You are concerned that extraneous variables may have entered into the picture. Which of the following scenarios would not be an extraneous variable?
| The air conditioner in the test room has broken | ||
| The window has been opened, and the traffic outside is audible as it wasn’t before | ||
| Hussein has started a new type of medication which he has not informed you about | ||
| Your own observer drift |
Manuel has just published the results of his research in the Modern Journal of Applicable Psychology. Manuel’s concern, among others, is that the results found should similar for any researcher who decides to duplicate his methodology. Manuel is concerned about:
| External validity | ||
| Internal validity | ||
| Maturation | ||
| Educational significance |
The Withdrawal Design is a highly effective tool for investigators. Which of the following does not accurately describe a principle of this method?
| The intervention-based behavior is allowed to regress/diminish | ||
| A participant is withdrawn from the study | ||
| It allows the investigator to rule out variables such as history and maturation | ||
| It allows for the precise establishment of cause-effect relationships |
The A-B method is considered both the most ________ and ________ of the single-subject designs.
| Complex | Effective | ||
| Basic | Weakest | ||
| Comprehensive | Experimentally oriented | ||
| Controversial | Ineffective |
Stefano, a research participant, has been given an intervention by the study researchers at Research Excellence Incorporated. The researchers have chosen the A-B design. The effect of the intervention – in this case, a supplement – is observed. The researchers can be more inclined to believe that Stefano’s behavioral changes are attributable to the supplement itself if the changes occur:
| In stages over a period of weeks or months | ||
| Immediately or almost immediately | ||
| Gradually over a period of a week or two | ||
| All at once, several weeks after the administration of the intervention |
The A-B-A-B single-subject design is considered:
| Controversial – withdrawal leaves the participant at pretreatment levels | ||
| To have less experimental control than A-B or A-B-A designs | ||
| More valid and reliable in demonstrating causal relationships than A-B or A-B-A | ||
| To demonstrate a lower degree of functionality and cause-effect relationships than A-B designs |
Which of the following designs would theoretically allow for a researcher to establish both maximum experimental control and the most valid cause-effect relationships between intervention and behavior?
| B-A-B | ||
| A-B | ||
| A-B-A-B | ||
| A-B-A-B-A-B |
Millicent, a 19-year-old college sophomore, has recently become involved in binge drinking. Her grades have suffered, and her behavior is erratic. She is on the verge of failing out of school. Millicent has begun cognitive-behavioral therapy. In this scenario, were research to gauge the effectiveness of treatment, ________ would be the dependent variable.
| Millicent’s moral shortcomings | ||
| Millicent’s ability to graduate | ||
| Millicent’s general behavior | ||
| Millicent’s frequency and duration of drinking |
A scenario can arise in which an intervention cannot be reliably withdrawn following A-B.
| Never | ||
| Always | ||
| Sometimes | ||
| All of the above | ||
|
|
A group of students with learning disabilities is provided with instruction on the use of mnemonics as a tool to aid in the memorization of a series of five items. As an example, “A-P-I-S-A” would be a tool to enhance the recall of the five oceans: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Antarctic. What would be considered a valid reason for not using repeated trials in which withdrawal takes place?
| Once learned, a tool such as mnemonics cannot be effectively unlearned | ||
| Ethical considerations | ||
| The potential limited attention-span of the children | ||
| b and c |
A-B-A-B design is often the preferred method of study (as compared to A-B and A-B-A). One reason is that A-B-A-B more comprehensively controls:
| External validity | ||
| Setting | ||
| Internal validity | ||
| a and b |
Which of the following would constitute a legitimate reason for selecting the B-A-B method of Intervention-Withdrawal-Intervention?
| Researcher fatigue | ||
| Researchers do not care about validity of results | ||
| Time limitations | ||
| “Baselines are so overrated” |
A-B-A-B design is an experimental design consisting of initial baseline phase until steady state responding (or countertherapeutic trend) is obtained, an initial intervention phase in which the treatment variable is implemented until the behavior has changed and steady state responding is obtained, a return to baseline conditions by withdrawing the independent variable to see whether responding “reverses” to levels obtained in the initial baseline phase, and a second intervention phase to see whether initial treatment effects are replicated (also called reversal design, withdrawal design). This affirmation is:
True
False
Which of the following is NOT one of the defining characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis? Practice Questions Assignment Paper
| Behavioral | ||
| Conceptually Systematic | ||
| Functional | ||
| Effective |