Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

Ethics Case #1

For this case, please read the case history below. In this scenario, you are a forensic psychologist working in a correctional facility. Your role is as the treating psychologist for this patient. You have been working with him for one year and have developed a solid rapport with him despite his distrust of others, particularly mental health professionals. You meet with him for weekly therapy sessions. In this time, while he is willing to speak with you, he avoids topics which he feels may cause him to be forcibly medicated; and you have been unable to get him to try psychotropic medications voluntarily. Recently, the prison has decided to attempt to get a court order to medicate the patient due to concern related to dangerousness and increasing psychiatric instability. They would like your cooperation in the court process. As you read this scenario and develop an understanding of the patient, also consider what ethical concerns you may have—particularly related to the specialty guidelines for forensic psychology and multiple relationships—and how you might resolve these issues.
 

INMATE NAME: DOE, JOHN

 

Reason for Referral

Mr. Doe was referred for this psychological evaluation due to this the patient’s continued refusal to take psychiatric medication, continued active psychosis, and history of risk to others. This assessment was also conducted in order to get a better understanding of Mr. Doe’s emotional functioning, identify his strengths and weaknesses, provide suggestions that may aid in treatment planning, and help determine risk factors for his potential future violent behavior. He is currently being referred for 402.10 commitment to CPC.

 

Legal History

Mr. Doe is serving his first bid for Murder 1, Burglary 1, and Grand Larceny, with a life sentence. He is also accused of two murders in Canada, which charges are still pending. In the IO, it is reported that the patient first murdered two men in Canada before crossing the border with one of the victim’s vehicles. Per his parents’ report, the crimes in Canada were fairly graphic, involved a knife, and one of the victims was almost decapitated. In the U.S., it was reported that he shot a man in the back at his hunting camp before tying him to a four-wheeler and dragging him around. He then fled to the Mexican border in Texas. He was apprehended by a Border Patrol officer after he was noticed to have a rifle. Mr. Doe then assaulted the Border Patrol officer and has pending charges in Texas for this assault.

Personal Profile and Relevant History

Mr. Doe was born on 03/05/81, with no known complications. He had an unremarkable childhood, graduating high school in 1999. He was noted to have done well academically, had many friends in high school, although not in junior high, and was the co-captain of his high school football team. Records note a history of depression in junior high school.

 

After high school, he attended Alpha University in Canada, pursuing a degree in Engineering. He completed two years of school and was involved with a fraternity and other similar pro-social activities. He was noted to have had two girlfriends in the past, one of whom he had a sexual relationship with. Mr. Doe has one younger brother, Douglas, with whom he is very close. He is also supported by his parents, Bob and Mary Doe. Prior to Mr. Doe’s incarceration, he resided with his parents when he was not hospitalized.

 

During the summer of 2000, Mr. Doe went to Taipei as an English teacher. His parents reported that, when he returned home for the fall semester, his mental deterioration began. Records indicate that he was initially believed to be suffering from a depressive episode during the fall/winter of 2000 to 2001. He reported using marijuana daily between August 2000 to August 2001. He was noted to have gone on a drug binge in August of 2001, using cocaine, marijuana, ecstasy, and mushrooms for approximately one week while on a trip to Montreal with his fraternity brothers. Records from the family indicate that he had his first admitted hallucination of fighting a dragon at this time.

 

When he returned to school in fall 2001, he was further isolating himself, and had also become paranoid. Records from his family indicate that he was destroying and/or burying in the woods his personal belongings, including taking all of his clothes to a thrift store. He reported a need to “cleanse himself.” His family reported that he decreased his food intake to a half a piece of bread daily for the purpose of “ritual cleansing,” and to examine/overcome the concept of “what is need and what is want.” In September 2001, he locked himself in his room for five days, turning off the lights, unplugging the phone, TV, etc., and minimally drinking in an effort to “do well with control and self-discipline.” Between August and November of 2001, he lost 40 pounds. His family records note that he fell into a deep depression, which continued to occur the following years during the fall and winter months.

 

After Mr. Doe refused treatment and medication, he continued to deteriorate. In October 2001, he was reported to be mute often; and he overate to the point of physical pain. The patient reported that he was punishing himself. His parents reported that he often eloped to the woods for days at a time. He was brought, involuntarily, by police to Canada Hospital on 11/02/01. Hospital records indicated that he eloped on 11/05/01, was returned by his parents within hours, and subsequently eloped again on 11/06/01. He was found a week later by police, seeming to have lived in the streets for the duration of his absence. At this time, it was noted that he was not showering, for several weeks to months. Records indicate that he received intravenous medication for approximately one month due to his refusals to take oral medication. This was discontinued in December 2001 when Mr. Doe agreed to accept oral medication. His symptoms were noted to improve; however, he eloped on 01/14/02, and was not found by police.

 

According to his family, he then lived at home for the next few years, continuing to exhibit bizarre behaviors including: outings to the woods, sleeping with knives, having beliefs about a “troop” being after his family, paranoia regarding vampires, demonstration of poor hygiene including not showering or brushing his teeth for one year, and further isolation. In 2003, there was an episode noted in which he painted himself all white, as well as everything in his room, indicating that he had been enlightened. He then left the home to try to enlighten others, but scared a homeless man and the police were called. He was not charged with anything due to his parents’ intervention and their subsequent report of his mental condition to police.

 

In March 2005, his parents reported that he unlawfully entered a dwelling. His parents indicate that he was not intending to harm anyone or steal anything, but that he was trying to get out of the elements after spending time in the woods. He was hospitalized at Canada Forensic Hospital in April 2005 due to unlawfully entering a dwelling and resisting arrest. Records indicate that he was found competent and capable of attending trial. His parents reported that the case was dismissed due to his psychiatric issues.

 

In July 2005, his family moved to another town in Canada. Records from the family note that he began using marijuana heavily again in the summer of 2005, often isolating himself behind the garage listening to rave music and “communicating with the stars.” In November 2005, he was admitted to the burn unit at a hospital after he burned his chest and back while burning the clothes he was wearing. His family records note that he was very psychotic during this episode and that the burns were intentional. His family noted “lashing” marks, as though he hit himself with a flaming article of clothing. Records indicate that he left the hospital AMA, and peeled off and ate all of his dead skin from the burns.

 

Records sent by his parents from his hospitalizations note Mr. Doe being involuntarily admitted, with the last occurrence in December 2005, due to being “acutely psychotic, delusional, without any insight into his illness, with periods of agitation, with high risk to act on his delusions if left untreated, with potential of danger to his own safety or safety of others.” It was noted that he “presented with significant disorganization in thought process with tangentially to loosening of association with persecutory delusions believing his family and himself being in life threatening danger including rape and murder. Up until recently, in his hospital room, he was keeping lots of garlic ‘to keep demons and vampires away.’ During most of his interviews he has been quite agitated with verbal aggression and body posturing and staring intently to intimidate others especially nursing and medical staff. On many occasions he has gestured to ‘curse’ the staff. He believes he has the ability to curse people and make them suffer.” Additionally it is noted that, prior to this hospitalization, he “was brought by police, after he had called two different police detachment units and reported life threatening danger to his parents. His family reported that he was extremely paranoid before his admission, often sleeping with a knife. Mr. Doe reported having an overwhelming ‘intuition’ or ‘sense’ that his parents were going to be murdered and his mother raped. At the time, he eloped from home, hitchhiked, he became insomniac, extremely agitated, his behavior became very paranoid (e.g. carrying a knife with him at all times, telling parents to take their lives if an attack is going to be imminent). His parents feared that he could act on his thoughts, e.g., ‘he could attack us.'” He was noted to have escaped in January 2006. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

 

He was captured by police in January 2006 and returned to the hospital. He was later transferred to the Canada Hospital. At that time, he agreed to take Clozapine; and after his symptoms diminished, he was released in July 2006. Records from the family indicate that Mr. Doe was doing well and was believed to be taking the medication until December 2006. During this time when he was medication compliant, he was noted to be less isolated, to have enjoyed some activities, and that the entire family reported they had “a really great Christmas.”

 

In January 2007, he again began to isolate himself and become depressed. He was noted as becoming very persistent in seeking and using marijuana in early 2007. His family reported that he listened to rave music on headphones, sometimes for 6-8 hours straight. He was noted to laugh, scream, and make strange noises, which appeared to be related to internal stimuli. In March 2007, he was noted to present with grandiose delusions of being the next Messiah, and having direct relations with God, Jesus, and “the Archangel.” His family reported that he regularly had conversations with these individuals. An incident is noted in which he threw a book into a fire, then retrieved it and placed it underwater, and then took it outside to the river. According to Mr. Doe, he believed the book to have turned into a demon and then into the Archangel (thus his need to save it). He also believed that the river behind the family home was sacred. He was noted to have gone to the river in the winter, disrobe, and get entirely under the water, in order to “cleanse” himself from demons.

 

Between March and May of 2007, he was noted to take multiple cold showers throughout the day to “cleanse” himself, leave food outside to “feed the spirits,” and holding his breath all day long to “avoid letting demons enter him.” He was noted to not be speaking and spending most of his day underneath a blanket holding a knife. In April 2007, his brother moved from the family home. In late April, Mr. Doe reported a desire to move to Halifax, secured a room and a job, and moved there on 05/01/07.

 

The crimes occurred in the beginning of May 2007. According to the patient’s own report, he went to a known location for prostitution in Halifax. He reported being commanded there, and that he was the “angel of judgment.” He reported getting into a vehicle with a man and driving to a secluded location where the man made sexual advances at Mr. Doe. Mr. Doe’s reports indicate that he cut the man’s throat and that he believed he was fighting the devil. He reported a similar experience during his second crime, in which he waited for hours in a known location for homosexual activity “while being tortured by vampires.” He reported that he was prepared to leave when a car drove up and “it was Satan himself.” He again reported cutting the individual’s throat. Records note that he then fled by car to the U.S. where he shot and killed another man, an act for which the motive appears to have been to secure another vehicle. He reported that he was told to do so by an angel. According to Mr. Doe he was attempting to flee to Mexico “to find safety in the forest.” He was apprehended at the Texas border and returned to the county of his original crimes in the U.S. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

 

Since his incarceration, he has not taken any psychiatric medications and continues to demonstrate psychotic processing. He attempted suicide once at the county jail, in September 2007 by biting his wrist because he “believed that he was a spirit and could walk through the wall.”

 

Mr. Doe is currently housed at Correctional Facility in General Population; however, he is on a unit that is largely populated by inmates with serious mental illness. He does not speak often about having a mental illness currently, but does indicate that he had Schizophrenia in the past. He is known to sleep minimally, is paranoid, and demonstrates strange mannerisms in his speech and movement. Officers note that he is often fighting imaginary people in his cell, particularly at night. His eye contact is often poor and is threatening in nature. He currently takes all meals in his cell so that he can spend more time “meditating.” He has significant support from his family, whom he calls on a regular basis. His family reports that he remains psychotic and he believes that he is a higher religious being. While he has had no disciplinary infractions during his incarceration, he has needed officer intervention several times to avoid any major trouble with other inmates. He remains focused on not hurting himself or others as he is strongly against forced medication and remains unwilling to do anything to risk such.

 

He is receiving mental health services and carries a diagnosis of Schizophrenia–Paranoid Type, and Personality Disorder NOS.

 

Behavioral Observations and Mental Status

Mr. Doe has been interviewed on multiple occasions since January 2009; the following is a summary of his general behavior and mental status. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

 

Mr. Doe is a 35-year-old Caucasian male, who walks with a stiff gait, similar to a military style. In addition, he is noted to position himself when walking or seated such that no one is behind him. Related to this, officers note that he will not let other inmates hold the door for him and instead insists that they walk in front of him. He was dressed in institutional clothing and appeared in good hygiene. He is noted to have a goatee, and his hair is styled with gel. He has not cut his hair since his incarceration, although he grooms his facial hair regularly. Of note, on one occasion he shaved lightning bolts into his facial hair, claiming that “the earth made me do it.” He appeared his stated age. He is oriented times three. There were no signs of depression or agitation today, although he was noted during initial interviews to appear more hostile, often with a threatening yet avoidant glance at the interviewer (as well as other staff). His eyes are often squinted, with his forehead lowered as though he is almost trying not to make any eye contact. When he meets the gaze of someone, he is often noted to look away. Mental health records note that he believes that “demons can see inside you through your eyes.”

In more recent meetings with this interviewer, the patient’s gaze has become softer and less threatening. He consistently denies suicidal or homicidal ideation, intent, or plan, and in fact discusses at great length his desire not to demonstrate anything similar to those ideas due to his fear of forced medication. His affect is usually flat, except for a few moments when he demonstrated some emotional response during an interview. The most noticeable affective response was following Rorschach testing when he demonstrated some anxiety, but also joked briefly with this writer. He is generally calm during interviews, although he is noted to be uncomfortable when the door is closed, when there are unfamiliar people in the interview, or when there is significant activity outside in the hallway. He generally gets anxious at some point in most interviews and requests to leave; it often appears abrupt and awkward and is usually related to a topic he would not like to discuss. He has never shown any signs of hallucinations or delusions during interviews; however, he is noted by officers to appear to be responding to such in his cell. Thought content is mostly reality-based; however, it is extremely pseudo-philosophical in nature. He is very difficult to follow due to his manner of speech, difficulty responding directly to questions, and tangentiality. He often becomes tangential but does always return to the original question asked. He presents as intelligent and is deliberate in his speech such that he does not reveal any information that could be directly linked to psychotic processing. When he nears this topic area he often stops and states that he does not want to discuss that issue. During testing, he readily attempted all tests and worked in an effortful manner. He completed testing very rapidly, which will be discussed further as it relates to specific testing. He demonstrated no problems related to attention and concentration. Speech was of normal rate and prosody. He had many questions about his success and failure on the test, which appeared reflective of decreased self-esteem. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

Ethics Case #2

For this case, please read the case history below. In this scenario you are a forensic psychologist performing a risk evaluation on an adolescent offender. You have been hired by the student’s school to complete the evaluation.

As you read this scenario and develop an understanding of the patient, consider what ethical concerns you may have, particularly related to the APA guidelines and specialty guidelines for forensic psychology as they relate to informed consent. In your assignment, be sure to address issues related to the age of the patient and how you would achieve informed consent. In addition, please answer the following questions:

1. What would you do if consent is denied and the school would still like you to complete an evaluation?

2. What if you have consent; however, the patient presents with a concern related to his competency (i.e., he is acutely psychotic and/or has a significant intellectual disability)?

 

Psychodiagnostic Assessment

 

Name: Jim Smith

DOB: 1/10/2000

Age at Testing: 16 years 2 months

 

Reason for Referral:

Jim was referred for assessment by the school for a psychodiagnostic assessment secondary to some legal issues that occurred in this summer. Specifically, Jim was arrested for possession of incendiary devices. The school is seeking recommendations regarding Jim’s psychological needs.

 

Relevant Background information:

Jim Smith is a 16-year-old adolescent n who currently resides in a juvenile residential facility, where he has been since his arrest in July. According to records, Jim was charged with two counts of Possession of an Incendiary Device, Chem/Bio/Nuclear Weapon; one count of Possession of Hoax Incendiary Device, Chem/Bio/Nuclear Weapon; and one count of Unlawful Possession of Fireworks. These charges are in relation to a search of the family home, in which police found spent explosive devices, 22 BB and pellet guns, animal parts, and digital evidence that Jim may be preoccupied with Nazism. He is currently being held at the Department of Youth Services (DYS) detention facility while he awaits trial in Juvenile Court. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

 

Prior to this arrest, Jim’s school conduct report notes seven incidents at school between 10/22/2013 and 05/11/15. These incidents include bumping into a boy on the playground with several peers; destruction of property in the school bathroom; refusing to work; using a teacher’s email to send an email to another school staff member which included the phrases “Aayy nigger” and “fuck you”; making inappropriate comments about another student’s sexual orientation, religious beliefs, and cultural background; and drawing swastikas on his lunch tray. These actions resulted in five days of in-school suspension and five days of out-of-school suspension cumulatively.

 

In October 2015, a thorough neuropsychological evaluation and risk assessment was completed for the courts. In this evaluation, Jim was found to have intellectual abilities in the high-average to superior range. He was noted to have intact encoding of verbal information, planning, organization, and working-memory skills. He demonstrated a mild weakness in sustained attention and notable impairment in processing speed, impulse control, and mental flexibility. In addition, the evaluation identifies that Jim has clear symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

 

Several school personnel were interviewed who are familiar with the current incidents and have also known Jim in the past, particularly in middle school. School personnel generally describe Jim as withdrawn, aloof, giving a poor effort in school, and having academic issues. They also reported consistently that Jim presented with anxiety and depression. He was noted to stutter, shake, and appear anxious often. He was also noted to have minimal friends prior to the last year. In the past school year, Jim was reported to have started hanging out with two boys and began expressing anti-Semitic and anti-gay viewpoints. He was reported to have bullied some students, made swastikas, and sent an inappropriate email from a teacher’s account. These behaviors all appear to be in conjunction with the aforementioned other two boys. The school reported that neither Jim nor the other boys seemed to grasp the seriousness of their behaviors, and continued to get into trouble from time to time. All school personnel denied any concerns about an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

 

Outside of school, Jim’s parents described him as being fairly “odd” as he got older. They indicated that he would frequently get obsessed with things, such as melting metal, but that the things he wanted to do were logistically impossible. They reported that he developed an obsession with voicing anti-Semitic views in the past year. His parents note that he felt he had freedom of speech and would frequently make defiant anti-Semitic gestures or statements when encouraged to discontinue expressing these views. They recounted that he got into trouble at school on several occasions related to this behavior. He also had run-ins with the police due to bullying a student in relation to these viewpoints.

 

Despite these concerning viewpoints, his parents reported that Jim is a good kid. They reported that they do not feel his use of weapons and these viewpoints are related. They indicated that they purchased the guns for him and that he and his mother would target practice in the backyard regularly. Jim’s father also reported that he caught his son mixing chemicals to make an explosive device in their backyard and told him not to do it again. Outside of this activity, his parents reported that Jim preferred to keep to himself and spent much of his time on the computer. He reportedly had two friends who were linked to the current offenses. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

 

 

Behavioral Observations and Mental Status:

Jim presented as oriented and cooperative with the evaluation. He presented as fairly nervous and somewhat aloof initially. His eye contact is sporadic; and his speech and mannerisms are, at times, slightly awkward. He presented with good grooming and hygiene. There were no remarkable motor concerns. His affect was flat, and he reported a good mood. His speech was normal in volume, rate, and tone. His thought content was goal directed, coherent, and concrete with no tangential or loose associations. He denied any current or recent suicidal or homicidal ideation, intent, or plan. He denied any issues with hallucinations or paranoia and did not present with any symptoms of psychosis. Judgment and insight appeared adequate.

Ethics Case #3

For this case, please read the case history below. In this scenario you are a forensic expert on violence risk assessment in adults. You often testify in courts about future risk of violence and are deemed by the courts as an “expert witness.” You have been asked to consult with the school related to this case and future dangerousness. As you read the case below, consider what ethical concerns you may have, particularly related to the specialty guidelines for forensic psychology and competence, and how you might resolve these issues. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper 

Name: Michael Jones

DOB: 12/14/01

 

Relevant Background information:

Michael Jones is a 13-year-old adolescent who currently resides in Washington. He is a 7th grader in the SOAR classroom at the Middle School. SOAR is a special education classroom that provides both individual and group instruction to students with disabilities. He spends his time at school between two classrooms in which he receives individual and group instruction. In addition, he attends specials, lunch, and recess within the building with the rest of the student body. Michael currently receives these services due to a primary diagnosis of Intellectual Impairment and a secondary diagnosis of Communication Impairment. In the past, he was also diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, but records and reports from his mother indicate that he no longer meets criteria for the disorder.

 

Michael received a neuropsychological evaluation in September 2012 which noted him to have delays in cognitive, language, academic, visual–spatial, and adaptive skills, placing him in the mild end of intellectual disability. Michael was also noted to have difficulties with working memory, cognitive flexibility, and impulse control. He was diagnosed with Intellectual Disability and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

 

Michael’s IEP notes a communication impairment in addition to his intellectual disability, which affects his academic functioning. He is noted to require significant individual support when he is in classes outside of the SOAR program. There is also a noted concern related to difficulty making appropriate choices in relation to friends, and being easily manipulated into making the wrong decisions. He is noted to have difficulty understanding concepts related to relationships and dangerous social situations.

 

According to the school, Michael has had several incidents which have caused concern related to sexually inappropriate behavior. The first incident occurred in approximately June 2014 when Michael grabbed the buttocks of a peer-mentor. According to the school, this occurred on a school bus in which Michael was trying to touch a female mentor despite her telling him it was inappropriate. He was eventually able to do so when the peer sat down, and Michael placed his hand under her buttocks. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

 

A second, more serious incident occurred in approximately November 2014. In this incident, while in the classroom, Michael and a male peer, who is more limited than Michael, went behind a partition. When teachers noticed they could not be seen and went to check on them, it was observed that the peer had his pants down. The peer later told school personnel that Michael had asked him to pull his pants down, saying “Do it! Do it!” and that he had told the peer that is was a “secret game.” Directly following this incident Michael also grabbed the buttocks of a female student in the hallway outside his classroom and was talking about this behavior.

 

In another incident in February 2015, Michael reportedly brushed up against a female peer who was using a water fountain. Staff report that he brushed up against her once and when there appeared to be no issue with it, he again brushed up against her in a sexual manner.

 

In addition to these specific incidents, the school reported that he has made multiple questionable sexual comments. It is indicated that he often takes conversation to a sexual level and will say things such as, “It feels really good when I have my pants down”; “It’s much better when you have your pants off”; or “Do you sex girls?” It is also reported that he is fascinated with a particular girl and has told others that he has sex with that student every night.

 

Michael is also reported to stare for inappropriately long intervals at females, particularly at their chest area, on a regular basis such that it makes students and teachers uncomfortable. The school reported that all behavioral incidents have occurred when there has been less supervision or when he is in a transitional time such as walking to specials or to the bathroom. They indicate that the acts, at times, appear impulsive when an opportunity presents itself. Also, he has also targeted individuals who might be more easily victimized. Overall, the school reports significant concern about these behaviors. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

 

The school reported that currently he has staff watching him 1:1 throughout the day, though this is often difficult as he does not have an aide directly assigned to him. Staff reported concern over the inconsistency with using different aides, as some are less familiar with him, and Michael has been described as “sneaky.” They reported that he appears to be fully aware that these behaviors are not acceptable and knows the rules, though he has little understanding for how these behaviors might impact others. The school has given him direct feedback related to all of these behaviors, both in the moment and more extendedly after the incidents. Monitoring sexually inappropriate behavior is part of his daily plan at the school, via a behavioral chart that Michael has signed by his teachers. Specifically, it is a checklist that Michael carries with him that gives him reminders to not have physical contact with others and to not stare inappropriately at female peers or teachers. Staff also indicate that Michael has a difficult time talking about these things. They report that he often “shuts down” and does not have the cognitive ability to report anything useful regarding the reasons for his behaviors. Michael sees the adjustment counselor at school to assist in working on these issues. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper

 

In regard to peer relationships, the school reported that he has relatively poor social skills. They reported that he likes to tell jokes and clearly seeks friendships, but that he has difficulty developing relationships. They reported that he has one friend in his classroom who appears to be higher functioning and is nice to Michael, but often appears uncomfortable with Michael’s social level. The school also reported concerns that he does not understand what is real from what is not real as a result of his spending a large amount of time playing violent video games in the past. They report that they recommended that he play different games at home. The school also noted decreased empathy and some possible impulse-control problems, though they also indicated that he is able to delay gratification. They noted no mood or behavioral outbursts at school.

 

Michael’s school reported some concerns related to sexual abuse and sexual perpetration outside of school in Michael’s history. The school indicated that Michael’s younger cousin (age 3), who also lives within the school district boundaries, made allegations in early 2015 that Michael had touched her “private parts and put his penis inside of her private parts.” These claims resulted in charges being filed and DCF involvement after the school district filed a 51A report. According to the school, the charges against Michael were ultimately dropped. Specifically it was indicated that although he admitted to this behavior to his parents, he would not discuss it with officials. Further inquiry into the matter by the school resulted in them learning that Michael had been sexually abused by his aunt (niece’s mother) in the past. He reported to the school that his aunt had touched his private parts and made him undress, that this occurred many times, and that she had told him it was a secret. According to the school, this sexual abuse occurred when Michael was in 2nd and 3rd grade. The school indicated that Michael’s mother, Michelle, was aware of the sexual abuse by his aunt and that this occurred while Michael and his mother were living with her parents and the aunt due to a marital separation. According to the school, Michelle’s parents threatened to kick her and Michael out of the house if she reported the sexual abuse against Michael, which is why it was never reported. Casefile Essay Assignment Paper