Leadership Analysis Paper Discussion

Introduction to Leadership

Fourth Edition

2

To Madison and Isla

3

Introduction to Leadership

Concepts and Practice

Fourth Edition

Peter G. Northouse Western Michigan University

4

FOR INFORMATION:

SAGE Publications, Inc.

2455 Teller Road

Thousand Oaks, California 91320

E-mail: order@sagepub.com

SAGE Publications Ltd.

1 Oliver’s Yard

55 City Road

London EC1Y 1SP

United Kingdom

SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd.

B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area

Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044

India

SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd.

3 Church Street

#10-04 Samsung Hub

Singapore 049483

Copyright © 2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN: 978-1-5063-3008-2

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

5

Acquisitions Editor: Maggie Stanley

Development Editor: Lauren Holmes

Editorial Assistant: Neda Dallal

eLearning Editor: Katie Ancheta

Production Editor: Libby Larson

Copy Editor: Melinda Masson

Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.

Proofreader: Theresa Kay

Indexer: Wendy Allex

Cover Designer: Gail Buschman

Marketing Manager: Ashlee Blunk

6

Brief Contents

1. Preface 2. About the Author 3. 1. Understanding Leadership 4. 2. Recognizing Your Traits 5. 3. Engaging Strengths 6. 4. Understanding Philosophy and Styles 7. 5. Attending to Tasks and Relationships 8. 6. Developing Leadership Skills 9. 7. Creating a Vision

10. 8. Establishing a Constructive Climate 11. 9. Embracing Diversity and Inclusion 12. 10. Listening to Out-Group Members 13. 11. Managing Conflict 14. 12. Addressing Ethics in Leadership 15. 13. Overcoming Obstacles 16. Glossary 17. Index

7

Detailed Contents

Preface About the Author 1. Understanding Leadership

Introduction Leadership Explained

“Leadership Is a Trait” “Leadership Is an Ability” “Leadership Is a Skill” “Leadership Is a Behavior” “Leadership Is a Relationship” “Leadership Is an Influence Process”

Global Leadership Attributes The Dark Side of Leadership Leadership Snapshot: Indra Nooyi Summary Application

1.1 Case Study 1.2 Conceptualizing Leadership Questionnaire 1.3 Observational Exercise 1.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References 2. Recognizing Your Traits

Introduction Leadership Traits Explained

Intelligence Confidence Charisma Determination Sociability Integrity

Leadership Snapshot: Nelson Mandela Leadership Traits in Practice

George Washington (1732–1799) Winston Churchill (1874–1965) Mother Teresa (1910–1997) Bill Gates (1955–) Oprah Winfrey (1954–)

Summary Application

8

2.1 Case Study 2.2 Leadership Traits Questionnaire 2.3 Observational Exercise 2.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References 3. Engaging Strengths

Introduction Strengths-Based Leadership Explained

Historical Background Identifying and Measuring Strengths

Strengths-Based Leadership in Practice Discovering Your Strengths Developing Your Strengths Addressing Your Weaknesses

Leadership Snapshot: Steve Jobs Recognizing and Engaging the Strengths of Others Fostering a Positive Strengths-Based Environment

Summary Application

3.1 Case Study 3.2 Leadership Strengths Questionnaire 3.3 Observational Exercise 3.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References 4. Understanding Philosophy and Styles

Introduction Leadership Philosophy Explained

Theory X Theory Y

Leadership Styles Explained Authoritarian Leadership Style Democratic Leadership Style Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

Leadership Snapshot: Victoria Ransom Leadership Styles in Practice Summary Application

4.1 Case Study 4.2 Leadership Styles Questionnaire 4.3 Observational Exercise 4.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References

9

5. Attending to Tasks and Relationships Introduction Task and Relationship Styles Explained

Task Style Relationship Style

Leadership Snapshot: Mick Wilz Task and Relationship Styles in Practice

Task Leadership Relationship Leadership

Summary Application

5.1 Case Study 5.2 Task and Relationship Questionnaire 5.3 Observational Exercise 5.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References 6. Developing Leadership Skills

Introduction Administrative Skills Explained

Administrative Skills in Practice Interpersonal Skills Explained

Interpersonal Skills in Practice Leadership Snapshot: Coquese Washington Conceptual Skills Explained

Conceptual Skills in Practice Summary Application

6.1 Case Study 6.2 Leadership Skills Questionnaire 6.3 Observational Exercise 6.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References 7. Creating a Vision

Introduction Vision Explained

A Picture A Change Values

Leadership Snapshot: Rosalie Giffoniello A Map A Challenge

Vision in Practice

10

Articulating a Vision Implementing a Vision

Summary Application

7.1 Case Study 7.2 Leadership Vision Questionnaire 7.3 Observational Exercise 7.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References 8. Establishing a Constructive Climate

Introduction Constructive Climate Explained Climate in Practice

Providing Structure Clarifying Norms Building Cohesiveness Promoting Standards of Excellence

Leadership Snapshot: Meg Whitman Summary Application

8.1 Case Study 8.2 Organizational Climate Questionnaire 8.3 Observational Exercise 8.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References 9. Embracing Diversity and Inclusion

Introduction Diversity and Inclusion Explained

Definitions Brief Historical Perspective

Inclusion Framework Leadership Snapshot: Ursula Burns Diversity and Inclusion in Practice

Model of Inclusive Practices Leader Practices That Advance Diversity and Inclusion Barriers to Embracing Diversity and Inclusion

Summary Application

9.1 Case Study 9.2 Cultural Diversity Awareness Questionnaire 9.3 Observational Exercise 9.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

11

References 10. Listening to Out-Group Members

Introduction Out-Group Members Explained

How Out-Groups Form The Impact of Out-Group Members

Out-Group Members in Practice Strategy 1: Listen to Out-Group Members Strategy 2: Show Empathy to Out-Group Members Strategy 3: Recognize the Unique Contributions of Out-Group Members Strategy 4: Help Out-Group Members Feel Included Strategy 5: Create a Special Relationship With Out-Group Members Strategy 6: Give Out-Group Members a Voice and Empower Them to Act

Leadership Snapshot: Abraham Lincoln Summary Application

10.1 Case Study 10.2 Building Community Questionnaire 10.3 Observational Exercise 10.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References 11. Managing Conflict

Introduction Conflict Explained

Communication and Conflict Conflict on the Content Level

Leadership Snapshot: Humaira Bachal Conflict on the Relational Level

Managing Conflict in Practice Fisher and Ury Approach to Conflict Communication Strategies for Conflict Resolution Kilmann and Thomas Styles of Approaching Conflict

Summary Application

11.1 Case Study 11.2 Conflict Style Questionnaire 11.3 Observational Exercise 11.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References 12. Addressing Ethics in Leadership

12

Introduction Leadership Ethics Explained Leadership Ethics in Practice

1. The Character of the Leader 2. The Actions of the Leader

Leadership Snapshot: Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates 3. The Goals of the Leader 4. The Honesty of the Leader 5. The Power of the Leader 6. The Values of the Leader

Culture and Leadership Ethics Summary Application

12.1 Case Study 12.2 Sample Items From the Ethical Leadership Style Questionnaire 12.3 Observational Exercise 12.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References 13. Overcoming Obstacles

Introduction Obstacles Explained Overcoming Obstacles in Practice

Obstacle 1: Unclear Goals Obstacle 2: Unclear Directions Obstacle 3: Low Motivation

Leadership Snapshot: Bill Courtney Obstacle 4: Complex Tasks Obstacle 5: Simple Tasks Obstacle 6: Low Involvement Obstacle 7: Lack of a Challenge. Leadership Analysis Paper Discussion

Summary Application

13.1 Case Study 13.2 Path–Goal Styles Questionnaire 13.3 Observational Exercise 13.4 Reflection and Action Worksheet

References Glossary Index

13

Preface

Leadership is a salient topic today. Given the volatility of global events and our national political climate, it is even more important now than it was when the third edition of this book was published. The public remains fascinated by who leaders are and what leaders do. People want to know what accounts for good leadership and how to become good leaders. Despite this strong interest in leadership, there are very few books that clearly describe the complexities of practicing leadership. I have written Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice to fill this void.

Each chapter describes a fundamental principle of leadership and how it relates in practice to becoming an effective leader. These fundamentals are illustrated through examples, profiles of effective leaders, and case studies. The text comprises 13 chapters: Chapter 1, “Understanding Leadership,” analyzes how different definitions of leadership have an impact on the practice of leadership. Chapter 2, “Recognizing Your Traits,” examines leadership traits found to be important in social science research and explores the leadership traits of a select group of historical and contemporary leaders. Chapter 3, “Engaging Strengths,” discusses the emerging field of strengths-based leadership, looking at how several assessment tools can help one to recognize his or her own strengths and those of others and then put those strengths to work as an effective leader. Chapter 4, “Understanding Philosophy and Styles,” explores how a person’s view of people, work, and human nature forms a personal philosophy of leadership and how this relates to three commonly observed styles of leadership: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire. Chapter 5, “Attending to Tasks and Relationships,” describes how leaders can integrate and optimize task and relationship behaviors in their leadership role. Chapter 6, “Developing Leadership Skills,” considers three types of leadership skills: administrative, interpersonal, and conceptual. Chapter 7, “Creating a Vision,” explores the characteristics of a vision and how a vision is expressed and implemented. Chapter 8, “Establishing a Constructive Climate,” focuses on how important it is for leaders who are running groups or organizations to provide structure, clarify norms, build cohesiveness, and promote standards of excellence. Chapter 9, “Embracing Diversity and Inclusion,” discusses the importance of inclusive leadership and the barriers that can be encountered when trying to embrace diversity and inclusion. Chapter 10, “Listening to Out-Group Members,” explores the nature of out-groups, their impact, and ways leaders should respond to out- group members. Chapter 11, “Managing Conflict,” addresses the question of how we can manage conflict and produce positive change. Chapter 12, “Addressing Ethics in Leadership,” explores six factors that are related directly to ethical leadership: character, actions, goals, honesty, power, and values. Finally, Chapter 13, “Overcoming Obstacles,” addresses seven obstacles that subordinates may face and how a leader can help to overcome these. Leadership Analysis Paper Discussion

14

Leadership and

Nursing Care Management

This page intentionally left blank

iii

Leadership and

Nursing Care Management

Fourth Edition

Diane L. Huber, PhD, RN, FAAN, NEA-BC Professor College of Nursing and College of Public Health The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa

3251 Riverport Lane Maryland Heights, Missouri 63043

LeadeRsHip and nuRsing CaRe ManageMent isBn: 978-1-4160-5984-4

Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

All rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. permissions may be sought directly from elsevier’s Rights department: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804 (us) or (+44) 1865 843830 (uK); fax: (+44) 1865 853333; e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your request on-line via the elsevier website at http://www.elsevier.com/permissions. Leadership Analysis Paper Discussion

Notice

neither the publisher nor the author assumes any responsibility for any loss or injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book. it is the responsibility of the treating practitioner, relying on independent expertise and knowledge of the patient, to determine the best treatment and method of application for the patient. Leadership Analysis Paper Discussion

the publisher

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Leadership and nursing care management / [edited by] diane L. Huber. – 4th ed. p.; cm. includes bibliographical references and index. isBn 978-1-4160-5984-4 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. nursing services— administration. 2. Leadership. 3. nurse administrators. i. Huber, diane. [dnLM: 1. nursing services–organization & administration. 2. Leadership. 3. nursing, supervisory. WY 105 L4327 2010] Rt89.H83 2010 362.17’3068–dc22 2009016322

Managing Editor: nancy O’Brien Senior Acquisitions Editor: Kristin geen Associate Developmental Editor: angela perdue Developmental Editor: Jamie Horn Editorial Assistant: Jennifer palada Publishing Services Manager: deborah L. Vogel Senior Project Manager: Jodi M. Willard Book Designer: Charles seibel

printed in united states of america

Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

v

Lecia A. Albright, BS, CPHQ, FNAHQ Principal and Owner LARA Consulting, LLC Spotsylvania, Virginia

G. Rumay Alexander, EdD, MSN, BSN Associate Clinical Professor Director, Office of Multicultural Affairs School of Nursing University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Mary K. Anthony, PhD, RN, CS Associate Dean for Research Associate Professor Kent State University Kent, Ohio

Bonnie Weaver Battey, PhD, RN Nursing Education Consultant Antioch, California

Sharon A. Eck Birmingham, DNSc, MA, BSN, RN

Chief Nursing Executive AtStaff, Inc.; Adjunct Faculty University of North Carolina, School of Nursing Durham, North Carolina

Karen W. Budd, PhD, RN Director, Graduate Programs College of Nursing Kent State University Kent, Ohio

Thomas R. Clancy, PhD, MBA, RN Clinical Professor School of Nursing University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota

Sean P. Clarke, RN, PhD, FAAN RBC Chair in Cardiovascular Nursing Research Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing,

University of Toronto, and University Health Network

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Robert W. Cooper, PhD Employers Mutual Distinguished Professor of

Insurance, College of Business and Public Administration

Drake University Des Moines, Iowa

Karen S. Cox, RN, PhD, FAAN Executive Vice President/Co-Chief Operating

Officer The Children’s Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Missouri

Kathleen B. Cox, PhD, RN Assistant Professor University of Virginia School of Nursing Charlottesville, Virginia

Kathy Craig, MS, RN, CCM Craig Research Continuum, LLC Founder and President Davidsonville, Maryland, and Kingston,

Ontario, Canada

Contributors

vi Contributors

Laura Cullen, MA, RN, FAAN Evidence-Based Practice Coordinator Research Quality and Outcomes Manager Nursing Services and Patient Care University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa

Cindy Jean Dawson, RN, MSN, CORLN Nurse Manager Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Clinic Oral Surgery Clinic University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa

Amy London Deutschendorf, MS, RN, APRN, BC Senior Director, Clinical Resource Management The Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland

Karen N. Drenkard, RN, PhD, CNAA, BC Senior Vice President/Chief Nurse Executive Inova Health System Falls Church, Virginia

Therese A. Fitzpatrick, RN, PhD Clinical Instructor University of Illinois at Chicago, College

of Nursing Chicago, Illinois; Executive Vice President and Healthcare

Practice Leader The Optimé Group Evanston, Illinois

Betsy Frank, RN, PhD, ANEF Professor Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana

Maryanne Garon, DNSc, MSN, RN Associate Professor and Graduate Program

Coordinator Department of Nursing California State University Fullerton, California

Gregory O. Ginn, BA, MEd, MBA, PhD, CPA Associate Professor of Health Care Administration

and Policy University of Nevada Las Vegas, Nevada

L. Jean Henry, PhD Assistant Professor Health Science, Kinesiology, Recreation,

and Dance University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas

Katherine R. Jones, PhD, RN, FAAN Sarah Cole Hirsh Professor Associate Dean for Evidence-Based Practice Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio

Susan R. Lacey, RN, PhD, FAAN Director, Bi-State Nursing Workforce Innovation

Center Director of Nursing Workforce & Systems Analysis Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics Kansas City, Missouri

Jo Manion, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, FAAN Founder and Consultant Manion and Associates Oviedo, Florida

Maureen T. Marthaler, RN, MS Associate Professor Purdue University—Calumet Hammond, Indiana

Amelia Sanchez McCutcheon, RN, PhD Chief Nurse Officer and Executive Lead,

Professional Practice Vancouver Coastal Health Authority Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Contributors vii

Matthew D. McHugh, PhD, JD, MPH, CRNP, RN Assistant Professor of Nursing Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Raquel Meyer, RN, PhD(c) Canadian Institutes of Health Research Doctoral

Fellow Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Jacqueline Moss, PhD, RN Associate Professor and Assistant Dean for Clinical

Simulation and Technology University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of

Nursing Birmingham, Alabama

Mary Ellen Murray, PhD, RN Associate Dean for Academic Affairs Associate Professor University of Wisconsin—Madison, School of

Nursing Madison, Wisconsin

Lynne S. Nemeth, PhD, RN, MS Associate Professor College of Nursing Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina

Heidi Nobiling, RN, MA, MBA, NEA-BC Senior Assistant Director University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa

Luc R. Pelletier, MSN, APRN, PMHCNS-BC, FAAN, FNAHQ

Clinical Nurse Specialist Sharp Mesa Vista Hospital; Core Adjunct Faculty National University San Diego, California

Beth Pickard, BSN President and CEO AtStaff, Inc. Durham, North Carolina

Belinda E. Puetz, PhD, RN Principal, Puetz Consulting Services, Inc.; Editor-in-Chief, Journal for Nurses in Staff

Development Cantonment, Florida

Richard W. Redman, PhD, RN Professor Director, Doctoral and Post-Doctoral Programs University of Michigan School of Nursing Ann Arbor, Michigan

Gene S. Rigotti, RN, MSN, CCNA, BCC Director, Professional Practice Inova Health System Falls Church, Virginia

Claudia DiSabatino Smith, RN, PhD(c), NE-BC Director, Nursing Research St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital Houston, Texas

Judith Lloyd Storfjell, PhD, RN, FAAN Associate Professor and Associate Dean Executive Director, Institute for Healthcare

Innovation University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing Chicago, Illinois

Kathleen Williams, RN, BSN, CORLN Assistant Nurse Manager, Department of Nursing University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa

Dana Woods, MBA, BA Director of Marketing and Strategy Integration American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Aliso Viejo, California

viii Contributors

Linda L. Workman, RN, PhD VP Center of Professional Excellence Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital

Medical Center; Associate Professor University of Cincinnati College of Nursing Cincinnati, Ohio

EvolvE REsouRcEs

Case Studies, Study Questions, Instructor’s Manual, and PowerPoint Lecture Slides

Jean Nagelkerk, PhD, FNP-BC Vice Provost for Health Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids, Michigan

TEsT Bank

Susan Turner, RN, BSN, MSN, FNP Lead Instructor, RN Program Gavilan College Gilroy, California

ix

Jeanne Campbell Brock, MSN, RNC, WHNP Curriculum Coordinator Indiana University/Methodist Family Medicine

Residency Indianapolis, Indiana

Gloria Fowler, MN, RN, CNAA Clinical Assistant Professor and Director of

Student Affairs University of South Carolina College of Nursing Columbia, South Carolina

Jaynelle F. Stichler, DNSc, RN, FACHE Associate Professor School of Nursing Chair—Nursing Leadership in Health Systems San Diego State University San Diego, California. Leadership Analysis Paper Discussion

Reviewers

REGISTER TODAY!

● Case Studies Case scenarios with accompanying questions and answer guidelines

apply chapter content to real-life nursing practice.

● Glossary A comprehensive alphabetical listing gives readers access to a compi-

lation of all key terms within the text. ● Research Notes Additional summaries of current research studies complement the recent

literature studies in the text.

● Short-Answer Study Questions Essay questions promote critical thinking related to important concepts.

● Study Questions Matching and true-or-false questions reinforce the key content

covered in the text.

● WebLinks Links to hundreds of websites supplement the textbook content.

Evolve Student Learning Resources for Huber: Leadership and Nursing Care Management, Fourth Edition, offers the following features:

http://evolve.elsevier.com/Huber/leadership/ To access your Student Resources, visit the web address below: Leadership Analysis Paper Discussion

xi