Digestive System Assignment Paper

1. What are the functions that the liver, gallbladder and pancreas play in digestion? Explain.

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2. Chapter 5 discusses many pathological conditions related to the digestive system and divides them based on their location (oral cavity, upper GI tract, Lower GI tract ect..). Pick 4 pathological conditions, one from each group, define them and explain the signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment for each one.

3. You have learned so far the suffixes -tomy, -ectomy and -stomy. Explain the differences in the meanings of each suffix and illustrate using examples of medical terms that are realted to the digestive system.

4. This week, you are expected to go over the digestive system case study under the week’s module. In the case study, the patient (Mrs. Kreider) has undergone false diagnosis multiple times (indigestion, diverticulosis, jaundice, colonic polyps, etc…). Digestive System Assignment Paper

a. Describe each misdiagnosed condition, the reason behind each misdiagnosis and the lab tests and procedures that were used.

b. What was the actual diagnosis? What is the medical term for this condition? What was done to reach this diagnosis?

Chapter_05.ppt

Chapter 5
Digestive System

Learning Objectives

Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions.
Describe disease processes and symptoms that affect these organs.
Define combining forms for organs and the meaning of related terminology using these word parts.

Chapter 5
Lesson 5.1

Introduction

Digestive or gastrointestinal system

performs three main functions:

digestion
absorption
elimination

Define, discuss, and describe the three main functions of the digestive system. Digestive System Assignment Paper

What are enzymes, and what function do they serve in the digestive process?

INTRODUCTION:
DIGESTION

Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract.
Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients.
Proteins → amino acids
Sugars → glucose
Fats → fatty acids

INTRODUCTION:
ABSORPTION

- Digested food passes into bloodstream through walls of small intestine.

- Nutrients travel to all cells of the body

Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.

INTRODUCTION:
ELIMINATION

Body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
The large intestine concentrates feces.
The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.

Organs of the Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tracts begins with the oral cavity.

In which major systems of the digestive tract do digestion, absorption, and elimination occur?

Oral Cavity

Major parts of the oral cavity

Quiz students to complete labels.

What is mastication?

What is deglutition?

Oral Cavity

Major parts of the oral cavity

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

What is mastication?

What is deglutition?

Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch

→

Quiz students to complete labels.

Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.

Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.

Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Anatomy of a tooth

Quiz students to complete labels.

What is a root canal and why is it performed?

Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Anatomy of a tooth

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

What is a root canal and why is it performed?

Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Salivary glands

Parotid

Submandibular

Sublingual

Quiz students to complete labels.

How many salivary glands surround the oral cavity?

How do salivaryenzymes aid digestion?

Pharynx

Deglutition

The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food. Digestive System Assignment Paper

What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?

How does the body address this problem?

Pharynx

Deglutition

The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.

What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?

How does the body address this problem?

Esophagus/Stomach

Parts of the stomach

The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.

What is a bolus?

How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?

What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?

Esophagus/Stomach

Parts of the stomach

The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.

What is a bolus?

How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?

What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?

The Digestive Tract

Quiz students to complete labels.

What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?

The Digestive Tract

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.

What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?

Small Intestine (cont’d.)

Villi in the lining of the small intestine

What is the function of the villi?

Large Intestine

Parts of the large intestine

Also known as the colon.

The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.

The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.

What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?

Large Intestine

Parts of the large intestine

Also known as the colon.

The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.

The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.

What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Quiz students to complete labels in Figure 5-9.

What is emulsification?

Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas. Digestive System Assignment Paper

Quiz students to check answers using completed labels in Figure 5-9.

What is emulsification?

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)

Besides producing bile and

releasing bilirubin, the liver:

helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting
removes toxins and poisons from the blood

How does the liver maintain blood glucose levels?

QUICK QUIZ:

1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?

gluconeogenesis

emulsification

hyperbilirubinemia

glycogenolysis

Correct answer is C hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)

The pancreas and its functions

The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine organ.

As an exocrine organ, it produces enzymes to digest starch (amylase), fat (lipase), and proteins (protease)

As an endocrine organ it secretes insulin.

What is the function of insulin?

Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus

Food Pathway through the GI Tract

Quiz students by having them complete the flow chart of how food progresses through the GI tract.

Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus

Food Pathway through the GI Tract

QUICK QUIZ:

2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine?

cecum

duodenum

jejunum

pylorus

Correct answer is A, the cecum is the first part of the large intestine. hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes. Digestive System Assignment Paper

QUICK QUIZ:

3. Which term means swallowing?

mastication

deglutition

emulsification

peristalsis

Correct answer is B, deglutition which means swallowing.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology

Examples of Combining Forms
Combining Form	Meaning	Terminology
bucc/o	cheek	buccal mucosa
celi/o	belly, abdomen	celiac
dent/i	tooth	dentibuccal
esophag/o	esophagus	esophageal
sialaden/o	salivary gland	sialadenitis

Define combining forms for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.

Name two medical terms (not mentioned above) from the word forms listed.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)

Three types of anastomoses

-stomy, when used with two or more combining forms for organs, means the surgical creation of an opening between those organs inside the body.

Anastomosis is the surgical connection between two body parts such as vessels, ducts, or bowel segments.

In what other places might anastomoses be made?

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)

Examples of Suffixes
Suffix	Meaning	Terminology
-ase	enzyme	lipase
-chezia	defecation	hematochezia
-iasis	abnormal condition	choledocholithiasis
-prandial	meal	postprandial

Define suffixes for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.

QUICK QUIZ:

4. Which term means inflammation of the lip?

cholecystitis

celiac

appendicitis

cheilitis

Correct answer is D, cheilitis.

Chapter 5
Lesson 5.2

Pathology
of the Digestive System

Examples of signs and symptoms:

anorexia – lack of appetite
ascites – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
eructation – gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
steatorrhea – fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

Discuss symptoms such as ascites, borborygmus, constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia, flatus, hematochezia, jaundice, melena, and nausea.

Based on your knowledge of the functions of the liver, how might cirrhosis cause ascites?

For more signs and symptoms, see chapter 5 8e Pathology Section.

Pathologic Conditions
Oral Cavity and Teeth:

- aphthous stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

- dental caries – tooth decay

- herpetic stomatitis- inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus.

- oral leukoplakia- white plaques or patches

periodontal disease- inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone.

Discuss herpetic stomatitis, oral leukoplakia, and periodontal disease.

How does tooth decay progress? How is it treated?

Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

achalasia – failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

What kind of diet do physicians recommend to relieve symptoms of achalasia?

Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

esophageal varices – swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus.

gastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of the stomach.

Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.