Assignment2: RA2: Annotated Bibliography on PTSD

COURSE PROJECT TASK I 1

COURSE PROJECT TASK I 4

 

Course Project Task I

Sherry L. Crowe

Dr. Cynthia Palmisano

Research and Evaluation

FP6030

September 7, 2017

 

Research Question and Hypothesis

Research Question: Why do children from violent families exhibit PTSD?

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between children with PTSD and their family background.

Alternative Hypothesis : Children from violent family backgrounds are more likely to exhibit PTSD as opposed to children loving and peaceful families.

A hypothesis is a speculation based on insufficient evidence and information. A hypothesis can be proven either as true or false with further testing. A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that no relationship exists between two variables. A null hypothesis therefore seeks to disapprove a hypothesis. Null hypothesis is used when drawing conclusions from collected data by trying to disapprove a drawn hypothesis (Harrell, et al. 2016, 1051). The identified problem is identified in the research question that seeks to be answered. The relationship between the hypothesis to the identified problem is that a hypothesis seeks to identify the relationship between the variables in an identified problem. The problem of PTSD in children from violent families can only be understood by explaining the relationship between these two variables.

The hypothesis mentioned above is feasible because it is possible to assess the assumptions states through experimentation, observation, and experience. The ability to the hypothesis to be tested makes the conclusions drawn from the study to be based on scientific methods of assessment. The ability to test variables the most appropriate research method is the most recommendable ways to ensure the feasibility of hypothesis. From the above hypothesis, it is feasible to conduct a study on children from violent families and their behavioral and emotional outcomes later in life. On the other hand, the hypothesis is testable and measurable because real tests can be conducted on the variables to support or falsify a stated prediction. Furthermore, scientific methods of measurement can be used in to test the hypothesis (Mazzarell, et al. 2017). Assignment2: RA2: Annotated Bibliography on PTSD

 

Reference

Mark, D. B., Lee, K. L., & Harrell, F. E. (2016). Understanding the role of P values and hypothesis tests in clinical research. JAMA cardiology, 1(9), 1048-1054.

Trzeciak, S., Roberts, B. W., & Mazzarell, A. J. (2017). Compassionomics: Hypothesis and experimental approach. Medical Hypotheses.

Assignment 2: Formulating a Research Question

Research investigators often encounter the following saying: “A problem that goes unnoticed or ignored is a problem without a resolution.”

Discuss a problem from the field of forensic psychology that you would like to have resolved through investigative research methods.

Use the following questions as guidelines for formulating the actual quantitative research question with respect to the problem that you identify:

· What is the specific problem?

· What is the evidence of the problem?

· What do you suspect is causing the problem?

· Is the research question clearly expressed without being too general or too narrow?

· Does the question relate to the identified problem?

· Is the research, based on the research question, feasible?

· Will the research, based on the research question, add to the body of knowledge in the forensic psychology field?

After you submit your research question, read the responses of your classmates and critique the research question of at least two of them. To ensure each of your classmates receives feedback, please first respond to those who have not received any from your peers. Use these same questions as critique criteria in your response to other classmates:

· Is the question clearly expressed without being too general or too narrow?

· Does the question relate to the identified problem?

· Are there any barriers to the research?

· Will the research, based on the research question, add to the content body of knowledge?

· Were these questions fully addressed?

· What is the specific problem you are encountering?

· What evidence do you have that there is a problem?

· What do you suspect is causing the problem?

Post your response in a minimum of 300 words.

All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.

Submission Details:

· By Saturday, September 2, 2017, post your responses to this Discussion Area.

· Through Wednesday, September 6, 2017, respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts. While responding, compare the similarities and differences between what you have constructed and what your classmates have.

Specific problem:

“Post-traumatic stress disorder” may expand after a terrifying suffering involving physical injury or the risk of physical injury. You don’t have to be bodily hurt to acquire PTSD. You can acquire it after you observe others—a friend, a relative’s associate, even a stranger—harmed and threatened.

“The evidence of the problem:”

· Re-experiencing symptoms: potential symptoms of post traumatic reliving the trauma again and again, counting physical symptoms like a sweating. This is a general incidence in citizens who have sadness as well as other nervousness disorders. Various confirmations recommend that PTSD might relate to enlarged likelihood of expanding therapeutic disorders. Assignment2: RA2: Annotated Bibliography on PTSD

· Avoidance symptoms: potential symptoms of post traumatic happen because staying away a person from places, occasions that are reminders of the occurrence. Avoidance symptoms are attempts citizens create to avoid the traumatic occasion.  Avoidance symptoms creating an effort to evade trauma-connected reminders

“Causing the problem:”

PTSD is a psychiatric confusion that can happen following the occurrence and also observing of life-threatening occurrences like as military combat, terrorist incidents and etc. Some citizens will have trauma effects that may even get bad over instance.

“Yes, research question obviously expressed devoid of being too common and also too narrow because” Particular psychological interventions that is a type of trauma that have been considered for the avoidance of mature PTSD aim to teach victims regarding usual reactions to trauma as well as to promote them to share their understandings and touching responses to the occurrence. Debriefing is normally offered in a gathering inside days behind the occurrence to one and all exposed to the occurrence. (Raskind, 2014)

“Yes, the question connects to the recognized problem” Prolonged Exposure treatment forces a long-suffering to vividly keep in mind every aspect of a distressing experience as well as express the memories. Prolonged Exposure healing is assisting him to defeat his survivor’s blame, which is a structure chunk to him for a subsequently step in existence.

“Yes, the research, related on the study question, feasible because” Fighting veterans brought the main PTSD to public concentration. But PTSD that can stem from distressing incidents, like as mugging, and rape, being kidnapped as well as also held captive, kid abuse, car misfortunes, train wrecks, aeroplane crashes, violence’s, or natural tragedies such as floods and earthquakes. The common of citizens exposed to such occurrences experience various symptoms of suffering (sleep difficulties, jumpiness). Most completely get better in a few weeks and months. PTSD is presently the subject of numerous researches learning that are funded through the National organization of Mental Health. Assignment2: RA2: Annotated Bibliography on PTSD

“Yes, the research, related on the study question, include to the body of information in the forensic psychology area because” HYPERAROUSAL potential symptoms of post traumatic occur because complexity sleeping, being simply as well as tense vigilance worried, bad temper, annoyance, panic, (Matthew, 2014) Discussion through the suffering will assist you get extra manage of your considerations and feelings regarding the trauma.

Furthermore, this may be difficult at first as well as it might seem odd to believe about worrying things on reason. Many citizens feel superior over time, while, as they do imaginable coverage.

 

References: Matthew. (2014). Avoidance Symptoms. Retrieved from http://ptsd.about.com: http://ptsd.about.com/od/glossary/g/Avoidance_Sx.htm Raskind. (2014). Interventions for the Prevention of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Adults After Exposure to Psychological Trauma. Retrieved from http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov: http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/index.cfm/search-for-guides-reviews-and-reports/?productid=1129&pageaction=displayproduct

EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE DESIGN 1

EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE DESIGN 2

 

Evaluating Quantitative Design

Sherry L. Crowe

Dr. Cynthia Palmisano

Research and Evaluation

FP6030

September 13, 2017

 

Evaluating Quantitative Research

PART 1: Comparing Methods

Experimental Research Method

In the experimental research method, research is approached or viewed as a systematic and scientific process through which a researcher manipulates one or more variables while controlling and measuring any variations in other variables (Stangor, 2011). The variables being manipulated are called the independent variables while the ones being observed for variations are the dependent ones. In this type of research, the researcher uses control groups with randomized variables. Experimental researches are objective, and the views or opinions of the researcher do not affect the results of the study. In other words, experimental research should lack bias. An example situation where experimental research method can be applied by a forensic counselor could be dividing a group of young criminals undertaking community service into two sub-groups. One sub-group would be having a counseling session before their service while the other would be going directly to their activities. This should help compare which group responds better to the modes of punishment and shows reduced criminal behavior.

Survey Research Method

On the other hand, survey research involves any measurement processes that engage the researcher in asking the respondents questions. This may be in the form of interviews or detailed or simple questionnaires. Unlike the experimental research method, surveys do not require any control experiments neither do they require any changes to be made to variables by the researcher. Moreover, unlike in experimental research where bias is minimal, bias in surveys may be present due to non-randomness in samples selected. Nonetheless, surveys are advantageous in that they avoid the creation of artificial situations that do not represent real life situations, something common in the experimental research. A forensic counselor may use surveys to determine the impact of serving the juvenile sentence on young criminals. Assignment2: RA2: Annotated Bibliography on PTSD

PART 2: Questions

Research Goal

In the example in part 1 above for the experimental research method, the goal would be to find out whether counseling sessions have any impact on the behavioral changes in young criminals. This is a suitable objective because, as Carter (2004) suggests, it is specific, measurable, attainable, and realistic and time bound.

Sampling Technique

This study would be suited by a random sampling technique. In this technique, every person in the sample frame will have an equal chance of being selected. According to Carter (2004), random sampling is easy to use and enables actual and accurate representation of the larger population. In fact, there is no any other method in existence that is easier in extracting a sample from a population than random sampling. Researchers can use manual lottery method or computer-generated selections. This study would focus on a small population of less than a thousand people, and therefore manual lottery method would be preferred. For instance, a sample of 50 people out of the total population of 500. Each person would be assigned a unique number from 1 to 500 and then fifty numbers extracted. This would leave each person with a 10% chance of being included in the sample. This sample will be best in generalizing on the whole population and would also ensure the study is not biased.

Research Design

In this case, the experimental research design would be the most appropriate to use. Creswell, (2014) asserts that the rationale for experiments is to test an idea, treatment or program to see if it makes a difference. There is a control and a test group, where the individuals are randomly assigned to two groups. One group is exposed to the phenomena being tested, and the other one is not. In this case, there are two sub-groups where one is enrolled in the counseling session which they attend before embarking on their actual community service while the other group is not enrolled to such session but goes directly to their community service activities. The result for both sub-groups will be compared to determine whether there was an actual behavior change impacted by the counseling sessions.

Hypothesis and Expected Results

Hypotheses may be null or alternative. Null hypotheses are ones who lead a researcher to the belief that there are no relationships between two or more variables, or there is lack of scientific information to discredit it. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis is to disprove the null hypothesis. In the case study situation, the hypothesis would be “there is an improvement in behavioral changes among the group members attending the counseling sessions.” This is an alternate hypothesis which counters the null hypothesis which would be “there are no behavioral changes among members attending the counseling sessions.” The expected result for this situation would be that the counseling sessions before community work would have a positive effect on the behavioral changes among the young criminals. Assignment2: RA2: Annotated Bibliography on PTSD

 

References

Carter, D. (2004). Quantitative psychological research: a student’s handbook. Hove, East Sussex New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.

Stangor, C. (2011). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (4 Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

Assignment 2: RA: Annotated Bibliography

The foundation of a research study comes from an understanding of the theory and from knowledge that is set forth by the literature in the field. Before a researcher can develop a sound and needed research design, he or she must first determine what is already known, how the topic has previously been studied, and where there are gaps in the knowledge and/or techniques that have been used to study the research problem.

In this module, you will further explore the research topic that you chose in M1 Assignment 2. Additionally, this will be the time to make any needed changes to your research question before you submit your proposal in M5 Assignment 2 RA 2. For this assignment, you will create a 3- to 4-page document following the directions given below.

Using the Argosy University online library resources and the Internet, locate 6 peer-reviewed articles that could be used for the literature review portion of the research proposal in M5 Assignment 2 RA 2. The articles should fall into the following categories:

· 2 quantitative studies

· 2 qualitative studies

· 1 mixed-methods study

· 1 theoretical or research design of your choice

For each article, cover the following points in 250–350 words:

· The problem to be studied

· The rationale for the study

· The type of research that was conducted (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods)

· The data collection strategy

· The data analysis tools that were used

· A summary of the findings

· A statement of how this article will support your proposed study

Present your work in a 3- to 5-page Microsoft Word document that follows the following format:

· Reference the source in APA format.

· Follow the reference with a single block paragraph of 250–350 words comprising your annotation (summary, evaluation, and reflection).

· The whole block should be double-spaced and indented.

· Repeat for the next article—don’t forget that your articles should be listed in alphabetical order just as you would on a standard APA reference page.

All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.

Submission Details:

· By Wednesday, September 20, 2017, save your document as M3_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the M3 Assignment 2 RA Dropbox.

RA is worth 200 points and will be graded according to the following rubric.