Paper3: Evaluation of Test Materials and Procedures
Paper3: Evaluation of Test Materials and Procedures
In Unit 2, you selected one standardized test that has relevancy to your academic and professional goal and focused on the first four elements of the Code for selecting a test. In Unit 5, you focused on the fifth element of the Code, which involved analyzing the evidence for technical quality of your selected test.
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In Chapters 7 and 8 of your Psychological Testing and Assessment text, you have been learning about test utility, test development, item analysis, and using tests in a variety of settings and with a variety of test takers. In this assignment, you will apply those concepts to your selected test for the Code’s sixth, seventh, and eighth elements. The Code (2004) states that test users, “(6) evaluate representative samples of test questions or practice tests, directions, answer sheets, manuals, and score reports before selecting a test; (7) evaluate procedures and materials used by the test developers, as well as the resulting test, to ensure that potentially offensive content or language is avoided; and (8) select tests with appropriately modified forms or administration procedures for test takes with disabilities who need special accommodations.”
For this assignment, locate a minimum of five resources (a minimum three peer-reviewed journal articles) pertaining to your test’s construction, item development, procedures utilized in construction to minimize offensive content, and provisions of modifications and accommodations for test takers. You will not be required or need to have a copy of your test to complete this assignment. You may use many different types of references and sources to obtain this information about your test. These references may include journal articles, literature reviews, MMY reviews, and publisher websites.
Information gathering and evaluation of these elements may require a keyword search within each relevant review and research article. It may be helpful to do keyword searches within those documents with the following words: format, fair, fairness, bias, appropriate, accommodations, modifications, and computer or computer assisted. Subsequently, this particular assignment requires a deeper search and provides a broader range of sources to fulfill the minimum references. In almost all cases, you will be able to locate some level of information on these elements.
For some newer test editions, literature may be scarce. Refer back to the Lists of Tests by Type document to see which tests are approved for supplementation with articles that address earlier editions of the tests. If the “Combined Review Allowed” column is marked “Yes,” you can supplement your review with articles addressing the designated prior version of the test.
Note: In future courses, you may use the Capella library’s Interlibrary Loan service to obtain articles outside of the collection, but you should not have to use the service for this course. In the event that you cannot find articles covering a newer test edition, please refer to the List of Tests by Type document in the resources. Note which tests have been designated as acceptable for searching prior test editions. Paper3: Evaluation of Test Materials and Procedures
If you are struggling with locating sufficient information about a particular test in regard to an element in this assignment, then you will need to cite the references or reviews involved in your search and identify this element as problematic for your selected test as it lacks sufficient documentation in the literature for this code or standard.
Compose your findings into a paper using the following outline (please use these headings):
1. Title page (required).
2. Abstract (optional).
3. Introduction: Identify the standardized test you selected in Unit 2, and its stated purpose.
4. Test items and format.
o Identify type or format of test items.
o Identify formats of the test that are available (including alternate forms, audio, computer, et cetera).
o Identify the types of scores obtained from the test. (Include information about norms.)
o Evaluate and identify or cite positive aspects of test items and formats, directions, answer sheets, and score reports.
o Evaluate and identify or cite negative aspects of test items and formats, directions, answer sheets, and score reports.
o Summarize the quality and appropriateness of the test items and formats, directions, answer sheets, and score reports.
5. Fair and appropriate materials.
o Identify or cite positive and negative aspects of test materials that minimize potentially offensive content or language. Explain.
o Identify or cite if the test allows appropriate modifications or accommodations. Explain how or why it does not allow such modifications or accommodations.
o Cite at least one AERA standard for Supporting Documentation for Tests (see Chapter 7 of your Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing text) that are implicated in either the positive or negative aspects of your selected test.
6. Use of technology.
o Discuss and evaluate how advances in technology have been utilized or incorporated with your selected test to address test items and format.
o Discuss and evaluate how advances in technology have been utilized or incorporate with your selected test to address fair and appropriate materials.
7. Synthesis of findings.
o Identify any major strengths you identified for your test in terms of test items and materials.
o Identify any weaknesses, even if they are relative, regarding your test in terms of test items and materials.
8. Conclusions and recommendations.
o Evaluate your selected test based on the strengths and weaknesses, and advantages and disadvantages of the test items, materials, and their appropriateness.
o Make at least three recommendations about improvements that could be considered to improve the test, if applicable. Cite standards (AERA) to support each recommendation.
9. References (required, use current APA format and style).
Additional Requirements
Your paper should meet the following requirements:
· References: A minimum of five references (a minimum of three peer-reviewed journal articles among the five).
· Length of paper: At least five pages (not including title page, abstract, or references).
Reference
Joint Committee on Testing Practices. (2004). Code of fair testing practices in education. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/science/programs/testing/fair-testing.pdf
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Paper1.docxSTANDARDIZED TESTS 1
STANDARDIZED TESTS 8
Standardized Tests
Standardized Tests
Introduction
Psychology tests are techniques of accurately measuring the aspects associated with people’s problems. There are different types of tests available in psychology profession. These tests determine the psychological construct of the individuals. The instruments assess different factors including the interests, mental conditions such as anxiety, attitudes, intelligence, aptitude, achievement and personality. This representation considers a specific category of tests and examples of tools used in the case. The focus lies in personality. The tests involved are Revised NEO Personality Inventory, HEXACO Model of Personality Structure and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). These tools are compared and contrasted across the paper.
Element 1
The Revised NEO Personality (NEO-PI-R) is an instrument developed to measure the big five personality traits as outlined in the five factor model. The traits include conscientiousness, extraversion, openness to experience, neuroticism and agreeableness. Each of the traits has six subcategories. The inventory has a total of 240 items and is useful for both adults and children. The test can be used by doctors, educators, counselors, psychiatrists and psychologists in evaluation of mental state of individuals (Buros Center, 2019).
The HEXACO model evaluates personality dimensions and theoretical interpretations. It measures six personality dimensions which are emotionality, openness to experience, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness and honesty-humility. The inventory has sets of 60, 100 and 200 questions. The test can be self-administered through accessing and filling out the questionnaire (Revolvy, 2019). MMPI is utilized in assessment of adult psychopathology and personality. The instrument bases the testing across ten scales. These are depression hysteria, hypochondriasis, psychopathic deviate, paranoia, masculinity or femininity, psychastenia schizophrenia, hypomania and social introversion. The test is comprised of 567 questions which are developed on true-false basis. There is a shorter version consisting of 338 questions in the same structure. This inventory is mainly used in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. It is also used to assess the mental stability of people joining critical professions (Mental Help, 2019).
Element 2
NEO-PI-R examines the five core personality traits which make it essential in assessing psychological state of individuals. The subcategories and the items included in the test ascertain that important facets of captured. The test is highly reliable and has significant internal consistency therefore it is quite suitable for the purpose. The aspects tested are basic parts of mental state evaluation which means the tool is well equipped to serve its objective. This revised version has made it more applicable in psychology. The aspects involved in the test ensure that it is appropriate for children, adults, persons with learning problems or employees (Big Five, 2019).
HEXACO model covers the same features as NEO-PI-R thus they display similar suitability in the psychological tests. The difference is in the addition of honesty-humility factor. This provides an extra dimension that provides basis of assessing the personality of individuals. The ease of administration of the test is vital in usability of the instrument (HEXACO, 2019). MMPI covers several elements of mental issues which puts the tool in a position to effectively assess psychological problems. It is very useful due to the high clinical reference that the methodology has. The fact that it is effective in dealing with mental illness and also in workplace situations means that is highly reliable (MMPI, 2019). Paper3: Evaluation of Test Materials and Procedures
Element 3
NEO-PI-R uses 240 items and three other validity items which is extensive. The simplicity of the test is important to its effectiveness as children from 6th grade and above are able to discern the questions. Use of different forms helps in reaching more definitive test outcomes. It mainly uses self-reports for adults men and women but there are also observer reports which supplement the self-reported information. The 5-likert scale provides feasible outcomes from measurement of psychological factors. The questionnaire provides an effective way of collecting information. T scores are calculated from normative data collected (Maples-Keller et al, 2019)
HEXACO model has each domain with specific scales for measurement of the scores for the different dimensions. The HEXACO-60 scales show low correlations between scales and have high internal consistency levels. Self-reports and observer reports show high correlation which proves the reliability of the tests. The elements in HEXACO enhance the understanding of specific phenomena beyond the 5-factor model. The test encompasses all core factors impacting mental health in a comprehensive manner (De Vries et al, 2016)
The use of true-false questions presents a simple format in application of MMPI. The questions cover all areas imaginable on issues of mental capacity in relation to personality.. MMPI utilizes different forms of the test which expands the scope of the tool. Each of the scales used features distinct questions which are user-oriented. Validity scales provide an instrument for gauging the representativeness of the test results as they evaluate the accuracy and honesty (Sellbom, 2019).
Element 4
The revised NEO test a self-report which does not require skills apart from having the capacity to read and understand the questions. There is no qualification in this case. The observer report however requires expertise. The user-qualification depends on the specific professional putting the tool to practice. Self-report users can access the questions through online administration which uses easy questions. The level of qualification is A for the self-reported tests. This contains guidelines for children participation and also provides basic intervention guide and materials. The observer reports require level C qualification which entails graduate level training. This level of education gives the professionals the appropriate skills to apply in practice of using NEO tests (Maples-Keller et al, 2019). Paper3: Evaluation of Test Materials and Procedures
The HEXACO model uses the same methods and elements as the revised NEO tests thus they share details in consideration of levels of skills knowledge and training. HEXACO has self-reports and observer reports. The latter does not require training while the observer reports require training. The administration of the MMPI tests requires knowledge on the appropriate use of the tests selection administration and interpretation of results. The participants in the test only need to understand the questions which places the group in Level A user qualification. The experts in administration require training and certification which qualifies for Level C (Sellbom, 2019; De Vries et al, 2016)
Comparison
All the tests incorporated use of series of questions to construct the psychological profiles of individuals. Each had different number of questions which were established according to the dimensions of the specific tests. The components of MMPI entailed close-ended questionnaires while HEXACO model and NEO tests included open-ended questions. HEXACO and NEO are more aligned as they feature components of five factor model. Differences exist in the subcategories that are developed for the tests and the inclusion of honesty-humility in HEXACO (Sellbom, 2019; De Vries et al, 2016)
Important aspect of the tests is that they are generally self administered even though professional administration is at times used. NEO and HEXACO both have self-reports and observer reports. There are significant similarities between these two tests. MMPI is applied in different forms which include MMPI-2 for adults and mmPI-2-RF. All of these tests have the complete version with all the necessary components and shorter versions with fewer questions and shorter period of completion. All the tests have been developed to adequately assess the mental state of people. Evaluation of the tests has show that they are very suitable in checking the psychological properties of people’s personality. NEO and HEXACO are defined by related user qualification levels given that they share some of the main parts of psychological testing. MMPI stands alone in terms of the process and elements of the implementation of the test (Maples-Keller et al 2019; De Vries et al, 2016)
The test of choice is HEXACO. This has advantages of being able to assess and predict some phenomena which are available in the big-five model. The addition of honesty-humility makes it more complete compared to the revised NEO tests. HEXACO tests are more prominent in their use therefore it presents the suitable focus for the project. The way that the test is used promotes evaluation of personality variables which other tools have failed to effectively do. The tests are an interesting assessment instrument to cover. Paper3: Evaluation of Test Materials and Procedures
References
Big Five. (2019). BigFive personality test. Retrieved from https://bigfive-test.com/
Buros Center. (2019). The reviewed in the Mental Measurement Yearbook series. Retrieved from https://buros.org/tests-reviewed-mental-measurements-yearbook-series
De Vries, R. E., Tybur, J. M., Pollet, T. V., & van Vugt, M. (2016). Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. Evolution and human behavior, 37(5), 407-421.
HEXACO. (2019). The HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised. Retrieved fron http://hexaco.org/hexaco-online
Maples-Keller, J. L., Williamson, R. L., Sleep, C. E., Carter, N. T., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2019). Using item response theory to develop a 60-item representation of the NEO PI–R using the international personality item pool: Development of the IPIP–NEO–60. Journal of personality assessment, 101(1), 4-15.
Mental Help. (2019). Psychology testing: Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. Retrieved from https://www.mentalhelp.net/psychological-testing/minnesota-multiphasic-personality-inventory/
MMPI. (2019). MMPI Practice test online. Retrieved from https://www.mmpionline.com/the-mmpi-questions/
Revolvy. (2019). Psychological testing. Retrieved from https://www.revolvy.com/folder/Psychological-testing/161434
Sellbom, M. (2019). The MMPI-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF): Assessment of personality and psychopathology in the twenty-first century. Annual review of clinical psychology, 15, 149-177.
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Paper_2.docx
HEXACO MODEL 1
HEXACO MODEL 7
HEXACO Model
Student
Psychology
Professor
HEXACO Model
Introduction
Standardized tests are essential in providing a consistent form of evaluation of the nature of mentality of different individuals. The human psychology is linked to significant issues in the current times. The situation necessitates the utilization of various tests to gauge the state of affairs in the psychological sector. The tests are effective in assessment of different elements associated with the mental state. In unit 2 I discussed one of the most important tests is the HEXACO Model of Personality Structure. The test is integral in psychology as it is able to sufficiently assess different aspects of people including personality and attitudes
The HEXACO Model of Personality Structure was developed by Ashton and Lee. The model is a based on the concept of division of the personalities of human beings into six dimensions. The model evaluates openness to experience extraversion agreeableness conscientiousness emotionality and honesty-humility. The personality test can be administered to persons of different ages and health situations. The test is especially important for people in their middle age years
Articles Review
De Vries R. E. (2013). 24-iten brief HEXACO Inventory (BHI). Journal of Research in Personality 44:871-880
The article by de Vries (2013) focuses on the essence of short personality instruments. The short personality scales are mainly based on Big Five model despite the HEXACO model basis on a 6-dimension personality scale. The details on the reliability and validity provide better comprehension of factors associated with measurement scales. The core focus is on reliability of the test. The article also shows the aspects involved in the reliability biasness validity and variance. De Vries (2013) is able to display the different elements involved in measurement of reliability and evidence of validity. He shows how reliability is related to internal rater and temporal consistencies. The two latter consistencies are deemed to provide an unbiased systematic variance. It considers the test-retest reliability or stability and self-other agreements. The article displayed that the alpha reliabilities were low while test-retest validity and self-other agreement. There were significant levels of convergent validity with low levels of discriminant validity. Paper3: Evaluation of Test Materials and Procedures
Durand, G. (2017). Using the HEXACO Model of Personality to Test the Validity of the Durand Adaptive Psychopathic Traits Questionnaire.
Durand (2017) used the HEXACO model to gauge the effectiveness of the DAPTQ. The main basis was on the influence of the sixth element of HEXACO which is the Honesty-Humility factor. DAPTQ has feasibly measured the relationship with the Big Five elements which are the core features of HEXACO model. It was also used to measure the effect of the sixth element. The focus was on the validity of the instrument. The study used a Confirmatory Factor Analysis to affirm the findings of from application of DAPTQ aspects in practice. The use of different tests is critical in providing evidence of validity. The findings reflected remarkable internal consistency and inter-correlation and test-retest validity. The outcomes showed that HEXACO model and DAPTQ were effective in assessment of adaptive personality traits.
Gnambs T. (2014).Facets of measurement error for scores of the Big Five: Three reliability generalizations. Personality and Individual Differences. Volume 84. Elsevier.
The article regards the Big Five measures of personality. The difference in reliability coefficients displays varying aspects of measurement errors. Reliability plays a huge role in the generalizability of the measures associated with the Big Five. The article implements the principles in the utilization of HEXACO model. The core basis of the resource is the reliability index. This article incorporates the main aspects of measurement error. These errors influence up to about half the variance score. The authors are able to display the impact of errors on the score. The main facets are transient random and scale-specific errors. There are different reliability coefficients which depict the measurement error. The impact of validity is limited in the consideration and the generalization of the measures. There are no indications of biasness or unfair treatment. The elements observed featured the test-retest reliability. There are no major implications on validity of the scale. The reliability generalization presented significant outcomes the test scores.Husbands, A., Rodgerson, M. J., Dowell, J., & Patterson, F. (2015). Evaluating the validity of an integrity-based situational judgement test for medical school admissions. BMC medical education, 15(1), 144.The article is built on the admissions to medical school with use of tests that gauge the qualification of the specific students. The tests provide significant psychometric evidence on the subject and show huge potential for administration of the tests in large scale. The article is established on measurement of the reliability of the tests administered to students. It uses the HEXACO personality inventory in determining the findings of the study. The authors base the research on a specific aspect of personality. The focus is on integrity which limits the potential errors in assessment of general personality of individuals thus ensure more accuracy. It utilized the Cronbach’s alpha reliability. The basis of the tests on the integrity of specific individuals ascertains the nature of fairness in the process. The study used test-retest type of reliability. There was significant correlation between the tests integrity and other relevant aspects of personality. Paper3: Evaluation of Test Materials and ProceduresMeđedović, J., Čolović, P., Dinić, B. M., & Smederevac, S. (2019). The HEXACO personality inventory: Validation and psychometric properties in the Serbian language. Journal of personality assessment, 101(1), 25-31.
The article is established on the need to validate the influence of the HEXACO model in a situation involving people of Serbian language. The methodology uses psychometric evaluation of the items provided under the model to reach conclusive outcomes. The article is mainly based on the psychometric validation of the items that are incorporated in the HEXACO model. The validity of the article is the core point of focus. The nature of questionnaires included in this article reflected features of evidence of validity. The source includes the Big Five elements. This article is built on the basis of developing and enhancing the nature of association between people. Reliability does not play a major role in this process. The article addressed the working of HEXACO-PI-R in Serbia but also featured the model in Croatian sample which helpful in overcoming potential errors. This is useful in addressing possible variance issues. The authors utilize predictive validity to affirm the outcomes of the research. The use of the Serbian language provides validation of the application of the HEXACO model in different settings.
Oostrom, J. K., de Vries, R. E., & de Wit, M. (2019). Development and validation of a HEXACO situational judgment test. Human performance, 32(1), 1-29.
The article was established on the effectiveness of the use of the six dimension structure with a situational judgment test. The validity of the six-dimension situational judgment tests are compared to the validity of criterion-related self-reports. The resources mainly addresses validity factor. The study used a substantial sample which helped limit the effect of errors on the final outcome. It incorporated different populations in compilation of the research. The evidence of validity is in the comparison of the six-dimension scale and the judgment tests associated with the criterion. The article covered four studies that comprised different employees. This was essential in cutting down any bias. Test-retest coefficients were essential in the test. The results showed that the situational judgment tests are able to provide an effective assessment instrument for human resources personnel.Wakabayashi, A. (2014). A sixth personality domain that is independent of the B ig F ive domains: The psychometric properties of the HEXACO P ersonality I nventory in a J apanese sample. Japanese Psychological Research, 56(3), 211-223.Wakabayashi (2014) set his research on the evaluation of the reliability of the HEXACO Personality Inventory with use of International Personality Item Pool and NEO Five-Factor Inventory. The core feature of the study was investigation of reliability. The amount of participants was significant enough to offset possible errors in variance. The reliability was gauged from the outcomes of the NEO and IPIP tests which showed relativity in the domains involved in all tests include in the study. The test-retest reliability was applied in this case. The different tests involved displayed similar outcomes as relates to personality of people. The psychometric aspects of the HEXACO tests were deemed satisfactory. Paper3: Evaluation of Test Materials and Procedures
Conclusion
The HEXACO model has been applied in different levels and settings across the articles that have been included in this study. The findings are reflective of the feasibility of the use of the standardized test. The resources that have displayed reliability have shown that the application of the test has resulted in consistent outcomes across varied platforms. The findings have proven to be repeatable in different circumstances. The validity displayed in the other sources show that the elements in the model provide the measurement of the aspects that are supposed to be estimated. Then findings from the studies show high level of accuracy. This research has indicated that the HEXACO is very effective in evaluation of personality of people. The test is appropriate for application in the field.
References
De Vries R. E. (2013). 24-iten brief HEXACO Inventory (BHI). Journal of Research in Personality 44:871-880
Durand, G. (2017). Using the HEXACO Model of Personality to Test the Validity of the Durand Adaptive Psychopathic Traits Questionnaire.
Gnambs T. (2014).Facets of measurement error for scores of the Big Five: Three reliability generalizations. Personality and Individual Differences. Volume 84. Elsevier.
Husbands, A., Rodgerson, M. J., Dowell, J., & Patterson, F. (2015). Evaluating the validity of an integrity-based situational judgement test for medical school admissions. BMC medical education, 15(1), 144Međedović, J., Čolović, P., Dinić, B. M., & Smederevac, S. (2019). The HEXACO personality inventory: Validation and psychometric properties in the Serbian language. Journal of personality assessment, 101(1), 25-31.Oostrom, J. K., de Vries, R. E., & de Wit, M. (2019). Development and validation of a HEXACO situational judgment test. Human performance, 32(1), 1-29.Wakabayashi, A. (2014). A sixth personality domain that is independent of the B ig F ive domains: The psychometric properties of the HEXACO P ersonality I nventory in a J apanese sample. Japanese Psychological Research, 56(3), 211-223.