Transtheoretical and Health Belief Models in Diabetes Mellitus
Transtheoretical and Health Belief Models in Diabetes Mellitus
The course of illness can be influenced by biological, psychological, and/or social factors covering a broad range of topics that include stress, coping, and behaviors that either promote health and prevent illness, or contribute to the development of clinical problems. Health and wellness are important to our daily lives and this is true even in the context of being diagnosed with a chronic illness such as diabetes mellitus. The interplay between emotions, cognitive, and behavioral/physical factors can affect all aspects of health and illness. Individual differences such as culture, ethnicity, lifestyle, religion, gender, identity development, financial status, and social support should be considered when analyzing the individual’s response to a chronic illness. Numerous research studies have investigated the impact of one or more of these factors in terms of the effect on chronic disease outcomes. These outcomes can include symptom management and/or progression of the severity of the disease.
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Explanatory theories often describe factors that contribute to health problems, or interfere with prevention activities, and thus provide targets for change. One such theory is the Health Belief Model (HBM) which addresses perceptions of the health problem. These perceptions include the degree of threat in terms of susceptibility and severity, any benefits to be obtained by avoiding the perceived threat, and various internal (e.g., self-efficacy) and external (e.g., barriers to care) factors that influence the individual’s decision to act. Other theories emphasize motivations that influence a continuum of stages of behavioral change. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change is a theory of this type. The response to chronic illness and the illness experience itself can be described by these models. In managing chronic disease, there are coping strategies and behavior changes that support optimal outcomes and therapeutic interventions can be designed for greater effectiveness by using these two models. For your paper you will choose from the two options below. The option you choose will provide the focus and title for your paper.
- Option A: Diabetes Mellitus and the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change????
- Option B: Diabetes Mellitus and the Health Belief Model????
To support your work, you will perform research using the University Library and/or other search methods to provide references to support your work. You must include a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources, published within the past five years relating to diabetes mellitus and to either the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (Option A) or the Health Belief Model (Option B). The use of additional scholarly and/or peer-reviewed references is highly recommended. These may be obtained from academic, professional, or governmental agency sources. Dictionaries, encyclopedias, non-academic websites, and media outlet sites or publications are not appropriate resources for academic writing and are not appropriate for inclusion in this paper. You may reference your textbook and other required or recommended materials from the course but these will not fulfill the minimum reference requirement. Transtheoretical and Health Belief Models in Diabetes Mellitus
In your paper you will provide an analysis of your research by addressing the following elements:
- Personal impact of chronic illness
- Impact of chronic illness on friends and family
- Methods of coping
- Interventions to encourage healthy lifestyle choices
- Motivations for adhering to recommended self-care guidelines
- Beliefs about illness that support or reduce self-efficacy and the ability to take action.
Use the following headings to organize your paper into four sections as follows:
- Introduction: Explain how the TTM or HBM can be used to explain the individual’s response to chronic illness
- Body: Analyze the impact of chronic illness on friends and families, coping strategies used in chronic illness, social and psychological factors involved in the illness experience, long-term social and psychological implications of chronic illness, and therapeutic interventions based on your model
- Conclusion: Summarize how the TTM or HBM explains the individual’s approach to illness and behavior change
- Appendix: Complete the provided TTM table (Option A) or the HBM table (Option B), thinking of the diabetic individual’s adherence to self-care recommendations. Copy and paste your completed table into the Appendix of your paper.
This paper must include the biopsychosocial aspect of your research with emphasis on biological, psychological, and social factors. Be sure to elaborate on these factors using information drawn from your research and text readings.
Throughout your paper, include in-text citations for all statements of facts obtained through your research. Remember that direct quotes (identical phrases or sentences taken from a source) require in-text citations with appropriate formatting. Statements of opinion should be clearly stated as such, and include a rationale to support why you hold this opinion (e.g., personal or professional experience, your research findings).
Writing the Paper
The Paper:
- Must be five to seven double-spaced pages in length not including the title and references pages, and formatted according to APA style.
- Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.
- Must include paragraphs of a minimum of three sentences.
- Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
- Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
- Must use at least three peer-reviewed sources.
- Must document all sources in APA style.
- Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style
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PSY361OptionBHealthBeliefModelHBMTable.docx
Option B: Health Belief Model (HBM) Table
Complete the table regarding the chronic condition of diabetes mellitus as applied to the diabetic individual’s adhering to self-care recommendations. [Once you have completed this table, please copy all the information below and paste it into your assignment Appendix]
CONCEPT POTENTIAL CHANGE STRATEGIES Perceived susceptibility (beliefs about the chances of acquiring an illness of condition) Why is the diabetic at risk of specific complications of the condition (kidney damage, blindness, increased risk of stroke and heart attack, loss of limb, and other functional losses)? Perceived severity (beliefs about the seriousness and consequences of an illness or condition) What are the consequences of developing a diabetic complication? Perceived benefits (beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action to reduce risk or severity) How can the diabetic individual take action (how, where, when) and what benefits will be achieved in adhering to self-care recommendations? Perceived barriers (beliefs about the actual and psychological costs of taking action) What methods can reassure, inform, and assist diabetic individuals to take action in adhering to self-care recommendations? Cues to Action (factors that activate readiness to change) What methods can promote awareness in the diabetic individual and support decisions to take action in adhering to self-care recommendations? Self-efficacy (factors affecting confidence in the ability to take action) How can the diabetic individual be encouraged and assisted to adhere to self-care recommendations? -
PSY361OptionATranstheoreticalModelTTM1.docx
Option A: Transtheoretical Model (TTM) Stages of Behavior Change Table
Complete the table regarding the chronic condition of diabetes mellitus as applied to the diabetic individual’s adhering to self-care recommendations. [Once you have completed this table, please copy all the information below and paste it into your assignment Appendix]
STAGE DECISIONAL BALANCE CAUSING INDIVIDUAL TO REMAIN IN THIS STAGE POTENTIAL CHANGE STRATEGIES Precontemplation (no intention of taking action within the next six months) Pros: Cons:
Tipping the balance to move to the next stage:
Methods of raising awareness of the risk of diabetic complications and the need for change (adherence to self-care recommendations) based on risks and benefits: Contemplation (intends to take action within the next six months) Pros: Cons:
Tipping the balance to move to the next stage:
Methods to motivate and encourage plans to change (adhere to diabetic self-care recommendations): Preparation (intends to take action within the next month and has taken behavioral steps towards change) Pros: Cons:
Tipping the balance to move to the next stage:
Methods to assist the diabetic individual to develop and implement plans and goals to adhere to self-care recommendations: Action (has changed behavior for less than six months) Pros: Cons:
Tipping the balance to move to the next stage:
What type of feedback, support, or help with problem solving can be provided to reinforce the change (utilization of immunizations?) Maintenance (has changed behavior for more than six months) Pros: Cons:
Tipping the balance to move to the next stage:
How can we assist with coping, reminders, and maintenance of change (utilizing immunizations)?