Zeek The Geek Discussion
Zeek The Geek Discussion
Using attached documents please complete article two and three.
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psy211worksheet.docPSY 211 LITERATURE WORKSHEET. 1
PSY 211 LITERATURE WORKSHEET 7
PSY 211 Literature Worksheet.
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Article One
Citation of Literature
Parfitt, Y., Pike, A., & Ayers, S. (2014). Infant developmental outcomes: A family systems perspective. Infant and Child Development, 23(4), 353-373.
Authors’ Claims
The author uses the research model to suggest that parenting and the characteristics of the infants from the parents are directly associated with the child development and the mental health. similarly, the relationship between the parent and infant directly affects the child’s development due to the mechanisms they impact the parenting with. Zeek The Geek Discussion
Influence of Factors on Human Development
Parental mental health-according to the study there are enough evidences showing that postnatal depression largely affects the various aspects of the child development as behavior, language development and mental health. While when the mother is exposed top anxiety and stress prenatally it would have life consequences and negative impact on the development of the child. This is explaining by the effect of the parental mental on the hormonal pathways like neuroendocrine, cardiovascular and the immune system.
Parent infant relationship-in the relationship between the parent and infant the maternal internal pathways are left out. It involves the behavioral pathways between the parent and the child other than physiological pathways. However, there is indication of overlapping factors like the case of quality of the maternal interactions affecting the depression.
Infant characteristics-the article puts associations between the various difficult infants temperamental with these state of mental health o the parents.one aspect discussed here is the infant sleep disturbance. Sleep disturbance have been overtime related to serious prenatal and postnatal mental health issues.
Couple relationship-according the research done on the couple’s day to day interaction have the power of affecting the development of the child positively. The couple’s relationship can also equally affect the nature of the child development negatively and more so the current studies shows that couples relationship has moved into one of the key risks for the adverse child outcomes.
Historical Significance
The finding in the in the article has very important historical significance as it creates a small deviation in the predominant knowledge.it equally include some salient factors that shows a continuation in the evolution of the psychological knowledge. Inclusion of factors like PTSD and anxiety is a good explanation .it disapproves the hypothesis that was built on the basis of the previous researches that were done.it gives a more profound knowledge on the issues of infant development. From the article it’s clear that factors that are ingrained in the parents are very important when it comes to the development of a child both prenatally and postnatal.
Research Methods and Design
The methodology of the research was based on the sample size of 42 families which were subjected to longitudinal study. The people subjected to the test were 80 percent learned in higher institutions of learning. The research was done by house by house assessment by a researcher. After the information gathering it was subjected to statistical analysis and multiple regression analyses.
Ethics
In the study the ethical issues were well considered according to point of view. It is congruent to other studies done over time .it was a stepping stone in the world of research.it was well conduction and as well as the ethical pillars are concerned it was a good research. The measures used in the research were not incisive and hence gave a good boundary on the principles of ethical guidance. Zeek The Geek Discussion
Article Two
Citation of Literature
[Include the citation of the reviewed resource in APA format.]
Authors’ Claims
[What claims did the authors make in the study you reviewed?]
Influence of Factors on Human Development
[What factors (physical, social, environmental) influenced development in the study? Describe those factors and discuss which ones had positive influences and which ones had negative influences.]
Historical Significance
[Explain how the article’s findings affect the historical evolution of developmental psychology. What conclusions did you reach about developmental psychology from the article?]
Research Methods and Design
[What were the specific methods used to address the authors’ research question? What type of research design was used and how was it used to conduct the research?]
Ethics
[How were ethics addressed in the studies? Were the studies conducted ethically? Why or why not? How do they fit in with the view of ethics over the history of human development?]
Article Three
Citation of Literature
[Include the citation of the reviewed resource in APA format.]
Authors’ Claims
[What claims did the authors make in the study you reviewed?]
Influence of Factors on Human Development
[What factors (physical, social, environmental) influenced development in the study? Describe those factors and discuss which ones had positive influences and which ones had negative influences.]
Historical Significance
[Explain how the article’s findings affect the historical evolution of developmental psychology. What conclusions did you reach about developmental psychology from the article?]
Research Methods and Design
[What were the specific methods used to address the authors’ research question? What type of research design was used and how was it used to conduct the research?]
Ethics
[How were ethics addressed in the studies? Were the studies conducted ethically? Why or why not? How do they fit in with the view of ethics over the history of human
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article2_1.pdf
Infant Developmental Outcomes: A Family Systems Perspective
Ylva Parfitta,*, Alison Pikea and Susan Ayersb aSchool of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK bSchool of Health Sciences, City University London, London, UK
The aim of the current study was to examine whether parental mental health, parent–infant relationship, infant characteristics and couple’s relationship factors were associated with the infant’s development. Forty-two families took part at three time points. The first, at 3 months postpartum, involved a video recorded ob- servation (CARE-index) of parent–infant interactions. At 5 months postpartum, in-depth clinical interviews (the Birmingham Inter- view of Maternal Mental Health) assessed parental mental health and parental perceptions of their relationship with their infant, their partner and their infant’s characteristics. Finally, the Bayley Scales III was carried out 17 months postpartum to assess the infants’ cognitive, language and motor development. A higher mother–infant relationship quality was significantly associated with more optimal language development, whilst a higher father–infant relationship quality was associated with more advanced motor development. Additionally, maternal postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder had a negative impact on the infant’s cognitive development, whilst maternal prenatal depres- sion was associated with a less optimal infant’s language develop- ment. The largest prediction was afforded by parental perceptions of their infant’s characteristics. The findings indicate that such perceptions may be crucial for the infant’s development and imply that negative internal parental perceptions should be con- sidered when assessing risk factors or designing interventions to prevent negative child outcomes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Zeek The Geek Discussion
Key words: infant development; parental mental health; parent– infant relationship; couple’s relationship; infant characteristics
*Correspondence to: Ylva Parfitt, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK. E-mail: ylva.parfitt@btopenworld.com
Infant and Child Development Inf. Child. Dev. 23: 353–373 (2014) Published online 21 November 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/icd.1830
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INTRODUCTION
Pregnancy and the first year of an infant’s life are critical times for laying the founda- tions for the child’s future development. Research suggests that prevalence rates of developmental problems in the under threes range between 11% and 13% (e.g. Skovgaard et al., 2007; Tough et al., 2008). The identification of children at risk for developmental problems is important, as untreated developmental problems may have significant negative impact on the individuals and have economic and social impacts on society as a whole (Tough et al., 2008). Research suggests a range of interrelated risk factors for negative child developmental outcomes, such as poor mental health of the mother (e.g. Brouwers, Van Baar, & Pop, 2001; Lung, Chiang, Lin, & Shu, 2009; Murray, 2009), low levels of maternal social support (Tough, Siever, Benzies, Leew, & Johnston, 2010) and poor quality of the couple’s relationship (Hanington, Heron, Stein, & Ramchandani, 2012). Other major risk factors include an impaired parent–infant relationship and attachment problems (Murray & Cooper, 1996; Tomlinson, Cooper, & Murray, 2005; Wan & Green, 2009), and also infant factors, such as prematurity (Forcada-Guex, Pierrehumbert, Borghini, Moessinger, & Muller-Nix, 2006), male gender (Hay et al., 2001; Tough et al., 2008) and difficult infant temperament (Black et al., 2007). Zeek The Geek Discussion
The current study adds to this literature by including both mothers and fathers in the analysis of the associations between their mental health, relationships with infant and partner, infant characteristics, and their infant’s development, using Belsky’s model of determinants of parenting (1984) as a general framework. This model suggests that the parent–infant relationship (parenting) and the infant’s characteristics have a direct effect on the child’s development and that parental mental health and the couple’s relationship are related to infant outcomes by the effect they have on parenting. However, more recent evidence has also suggested direct links between parental mental health, the couple’s relationship and infant developmental outcomes.
Parental Mental Health and Infant Development
There is ample evidence of adverse effects of maternal postnatal depression on the infant’s cognitive, emotional and language development, behaviour, and mental health (Lung et al., 2009; Murray, 2009; Murray & Cooper, 1996; Quevedo et al., 2012). Links between paternal depression and less optimal language development (Paulson, Keefe, & Leiferman, 2009) and adverse emotional and behavioural out- comes in children have also been found (Ramchandani, Stein, Evans, O’Connor, & Team, 2005).
Mental health in pregnancy may be especially important for later child outcomes. Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to maternal prenatal anxiety and stress in the womb may have long-term negative developmental consequences for the baby (e.g. Glover, 2011; Punamaki et al., 2006; Van Batenburg-Eddes et al., 2009). For example, the results of a large longitudinal study (Evans et al., 2011) suggested that prenatal exposure to depression may be more predictive of less opti- mal child cognitive development than postnatal depression. It has been suggested that this can be explained by abnormal physiological pathways within biological systems (e.g. neuroendocrine, immune and cardiovascular systems) involved in pregnancy and stress physiology, through which maternal prenatal mental health exerts a risk on child development by affecting the fetal development (Federenko & Wadhwa, 2004; Field, Diego, & Hernandez-Reif, 2006).
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Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Inf. Child. Dev. 23: 353–373 (2014) DOI: 10.1002/icd
The majority of research regarding the association between postnatal parental mental health and the infant’s development has focused on depression. Less is known about the effect of other aspects of parental mental health, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), on the infant’s subsequent development. A systematic review of the effects of postnatal maternal anxiety on children (Glasheen, Richardson, & Fabio, 2010) found that the strongest adverse effects were on somatic, behavioural and emotional problems in the child, but with inconclusive evidence regarding the effect on children’s cognitive and general development. Also, Bosquet Enlow et al. (2011) found that maternal PTSD symptoms 6 months postpar- tum were associated with measures of emotional regulation when the child was 13 months old. Similarly, Pierrehumbert, Nicole, Muller-Nix, Forcada-Guex, and Ansermet (2003) found that the severity of PTSD symptoms amongst parents of premature babies was a significant predictor of their children’s subsequent regula- tory (e.g. sleeping and eating) problems. However, no known studies have assessed infant developmental outcomes in relation to postnatal PTSD.
Infant Characteristics and Infant Development
Early difficult infant temperament has been associated with elevated rates of parental mental health problems (e.g. Bang, 2011; Melchior et al., 2011), a less optimal parent– infant relationship (Hofacker & Papousek, 1998; Zhu et al., 2007) and child behav- ioural problems (Bosquet Enlow et al., 2011; Dale et al., 2011; Jessee, Mangelsdorf, Shigeto, & Wong, 2012), and also identified as a predictor of later difficult child temperament (Canals, Hernandez-Martinez, & Fernandez-Ballart, 2011). Parental perceptions of their infant’s characteristics have also been associated with the child’s development (Hernandez-Martinez, Canals Sans, & Fernandez-Ballart, 2011; Molfese et al., 2010). However, generally, it should be noted that the associations between different variables, such as parental mental health and the infant’s temperament, are reciprocal, not just one way. One aspect of infant characteristics is infant sleep disturbance, which has been associated with worse parental prenatal and postnatal mental health and child behavioural problems (Baird, Hill, Kendrick, & Inskip, 2009; Britton, 2011; Field et al., 2007; Lam, Hiscock, & Wake, 2003). Zeek The Geek Discussion
The Parent–Infant Relationship and Infant Development
Apart from the physiological pathways between women’s prenatal mental health and child outcomes as mentioned earlier, the parent–infant relationship itself may serve as an important behavioural pathway between parental mental health and child outcomes (e.g. Grace, Evindar, & Stewart, 2003; Westbrook & Harden, 2010). The parent–infant relationship has a central position in Belsky’s process model (1984), not only as having a direct effect on the child’s development but also as a mediator of other parental and child predictors. However, although several studies (e.g. Grace et al., 2003; Murray, FioriCowley, Hooper, & Cooper, 1996; Westbrook & Harden, 2010) have suggested the existence of mediation effects between parental mental health and child outcomes through the parent–infant relationship, these effects are not consistently found (e.g. McManus & Poehlmann, 2012).
Research shows that the quality of the mother–infant interaction may be affected by maternal depression (for a review, see Field, 2010; Leinonen, Solantaus, & Punamaki, 2003; for a meta-analysis, see Lovejoy, Graczyk, O’Hare, & Neuman, 2000), with evidence of deficiencies in the mother’s responsiveness and emotional in- volvement (Black et al., 2007; Murray et al., 1996) or hostile and intrusive interactions
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Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Inf. Child. Dev. 23: 353–373 (2014) DOI: 10.1002/icd
(Mantymaa, Puura, Luoma, Salmelin, & Tamminen, 2004). It has been suggested that deficient maternal interactions and caregiving consequently affect the infant’s responsivity (Field, 2010) and attention (Steadman et al., 2007), therein contributing to less optimal cognitive (Slater, 1995) and language (Stein et al., 2008) child develop- mental outcomes. Some studies have specifically linked negative parental percep- tions and representations of their infant to a less optimal parent–infant relationship and subsequent child developmental or behavioural outcome (Dollberg, Feldman, & Keren, 2010; Hernandez-Martinez et al., 2011).
Although most studies have focused on the mother–infant relationship, recent research on the influence of fathers’ parenting and child development is also emerging. For example, the extent of fathers’ positive involvement in parenting has been shown to reduce the likelihood of cognitive delays in their children, especially for boys (Bronte-Tinkew, Carrano, Horowitz, & Kinukawa, 2008). Conversely, Ramchandani et al. (2013) found that paternal disengagement and remote interaction with their babies at 3 months predicted child externalizing behavioural problems at 1 year of age.
The Couple’s Relationship and Infant Development
The aforementioned research shows that the family should be viewed as a system (e.g. Bell et al., 2007; Cowan & Cowan, 2002) with an awareness of both parents’ contribu- tion to their child’s outcomes and also acknowledgement of possible spillover effects between the couple’s relationship and parent–infant relationship subsystems (Erel & Burman, 1995). For example, the couple’s relationship problems may negatively affect the parent–infant interactions (e.g. Mantymaa et al., 2006) and thereby indirectly con- tribute to the child’s outcomes (Carlson, Pilkauskas, McLanahan, & Brooks-Gunn, 2011; Leinonen et al., 2003; Westbrook & Harden, 2010) through parenting. Conflicts within the couple’s relationship may also negatively indirectly influence the child’s mental health, through having an effect on the child’s emotional security (e.g. Davies, Harold, Goeke-Morey, & Cummings, 2002; Koss et al., 2011; Kouros, Cummings, & Davies, 2010). Recently, the couple’s relationship has also been found to serve as a risk factor for adverse child outcomes (Hanington et al., 2012).
The Present Study
In summary, research suggests that poor parental mental health is a risk factor for negative infant developmental outcomes but has mainly focused on the effects of maternal postnatal depression on the infant’s development. Research also suggests that family relationship dynamics, primarily the parent–infant relationship itself, may be an important mechanism by which parental mental health, infant character- istics and the couple’s relationship affect the infant’s development. However, there is limited research including all of these factors and fathers. In addition, studies looking at risk factors for negative child developmental outcomes need to be extended to also include other mental health issues, such as PTSD and anxiety amongst both mothers and fathers.
The main aim of this study was to examine whether parental mental health, parent–infant relationship, infant characteristics and couple’s relationship variables were directly or indirectly associated with the infant’s cognitive, language or motor development. On the basis of previous research findings and Belsky’s model, it was predicted that a less optimal perceived and observed parent–infant relationship, poor parental mental health, low quality of the couple’s relationship and difficult
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Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Inf. Child. Dev. 23: 353–373 (2014) DOI: 10.1002/icd
infant temperament would be associated with less optimal infant developmental scores. Whilst parental mental health, the parent–infant relationship and infant characteristics would be directly associated with the infant’s development, it was also predicted that the parent–infant relationship would act as a mediator between parental mental health, the couple’s relationship, the infant temperament and the infant’s development. Zeek The Geek Discussion