Critical Reflection Paper: Chapter 9
Critical Reflection Paper: Chapter 9
Objective: To critically replicate you’re thoughtful of the readings and your competence to rub on them to your Health care ethics.
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ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES (10%):
Students will judgmentally appraise the readings from Chapter 9 on your textbook. This assignment is intended to help you assessment, examination, and spread over the readings to your healthcare ethics as well as become the foundation for all of your remaining assignments.
You need to read the article (in the additional weekly reading resources localize in the Syllabus and also in the Lectures link) assigned for week 1 and develop a 2-3-page paper reflecting your appreciative and ability to apply the readings to your ethics. Each paper must be typewritten with 12-point font and double-spaced with standard margins. Follow APA format 7th Edition, when referring to the selected articles and include a reference page.
EACH PAPER SHOULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
1. Introduction (25%) Provide a short-lived summary of the undertone (not a description) of each Chapter and articles you read, in your own words.
2. Your Critique (50%)
*What is your response to the content of Chapter 9?
*What did you absorb about Ethics and Safe patient handling? Mention and explain two examples where you can apply them.
* What are the ethics arguments for advocacy on SPHM programs and behaviors?
*For the Professional role you have right now: what are the implications of this chapter for you?
3. Conclusion (15%)
Fleetingly recapitulate your thoughts & postulation to your analysis of the articles and Chapter you read. How did these articles and Chapters impact your thoughts about the principles of ethics?
Evaluation will be based on how clearly you respond to the above, in particular:
a) The clarity with which you critique the articles;
b) The depth, scope, and association of your paper; and,
c) Your conclusions, including a description of the impact of these articles and Chapters on any Health Care Setting.
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9781284124910_SLID_CH09.pptxChapter Nine
Ethics and Safe Patient Handing and Mobility
1
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Extent of the Problem
Safe Patient Handing and Mobility (SPHM) is a concern for patients, family members, and healthcare professionals.
SPHM involves safety when lifting, re-positioning, and transferring patients.
Formal issue of concern since the 1980s
3
Barriers to SPHM
Implementation of best practices is limited by:
Lack of knowledge.
Perceptions of the use of equipment.
Gender of the caregivers.
Equipment.
4
Problem Solving
There is a need to further SPHM by influencing the work culture.
Costs of programs is a concern, but programs save money and prevent injury.
State legislation will assist.
Professional association campaigns address issues.
5
Ethical Concerns
Nonmaleficence is a major ethics application for SPHM.
Nonmaleficience is also a cardinal ethics principle for healthcare providers.
Using evidence-based practices can prevent harm.
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Ethical Concerns
Nonmaleficence also includes educating patients and family members on SPHM to prevent harm.
Changing systems and making appropriate referrals are also part of nonmaleficence.
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Ethical Concerns
Beneficence is also an ethics concern in SPHM.
It means that do the best for others.
Beneficence includes maintaining the dignity of patients.
Beneficence also goes beyond the patient to include the family members.
8
Ethical Concerns
Beneficence includes concern for staff members.
It is beneficent to prevent the staff injury by using SPHM.
Preventing injury also includes ethical stewardship.
SPHM practices honor the dignity and value of patient, family, and staff.
9
Ethical Concerns
Social justice is also included in SPHM practices.
SPHM practices decrease the possibility of injury, which reduces costs of worker’s compensation, insurance, and staff replacement costs.
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In Summary…
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Ethics-BOOK-Morrison-Textbook-3rded.pdf
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i
Health Care Ethics CRITIC AL ISSUES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
Third Edition
Edited by
Eileen E. Morrison, EdD, MPH, LPC, CHES Professor, School of Health Administration Texas State University—San Marcos San Marcos, Texas
Beth Furlong, PhD, JD, RN Associate Professor, Center for Health Policy and Ethics Creighton University Omaha, Nebraska
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Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Health care ethics : critical issues for the 21st century / [edited by] Eileen E. Morrison and Beth Furlong. —3rd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4496-5737-6 (pbk.) ISBN 1-4496-5737-0 (pbk.) I. Morrison, Eileen E. II. Furlong, Elizabeth. [DNLM: 1. Bioethical Issues. 2. Delivery of Health Care–ethics. 3. Ethics, Clinical. WB 60] 174.2—dc23 2012039134 6048 Printed in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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iii
Dedication
EILEEN E. MORRISON
The third edition of Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century is dedicated to all those who contributed their time and talent to update existing chapters or develop new ones. They shared their insights on topics that will help to balance ethics and healthcare practice in the 21st century. On a personal level, I would like to dedicate the third edition of this text to those who have provided both inspiration and advice. First, there is my family: Grant, Kate, Emery Aidan, and Morrigan Leigh, who listened, loved, and encouraged. There are also my colleagues, relatives, and friends—you each know how much you have meant to me during this process. Finally, there is my publisher, Michael Brown; my coeditor, Beth Furlong; and my Jones & Bartlett Learning editors, Chloe Falivene and Rebekah Linga, whose knowledge, guidance, and patience added so much to the quality and integrity of this work.
BETH FURLONG
Mentors facilitate one’s journey. My gratitude goes to Dr. Amy Haddad and colleagues at Creighton University’s Center for Health Policy and Ethics. I value the ever-present support of my husband, Robert Ramaley. Furthering the ethical education of others with this book is possible because of the collegiality and support of coeditor, Eileen Morrison. It has been a professional pleasure to work with her. Critical Reflection Paper: Chapter 9
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v
Contents
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
PART I—FOUNDATIONS IN THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1 Theory of Healthcare Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Jim Summers
Chapter 2 Principles of Healthcare Ethics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Jim Summers
PART II—CRITICAL ISSUES FOR INDIVIDUALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Chapter 3 The Moral Status of Gametes and Embryos: Storage and Surrogacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Glenn C. Graber
Chapter 4 The Ethical Challenges of the New Reproductive Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Sidney Callahan
Chapter 5 Abortion: The Unexplored Middle Ground . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Carol Petrozella
Chapter 6 Proposals for Human Cloning: A Review and Ethical Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Kevin T. FitzGerald
Chapter 7 Competency: What It Is, What It Is Not, and Why It Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Byron Chell
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vi CONTENTS
Chapter 8 Older People and Issues of Access to Long-Term Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Janet Gardner-Ray
Chapter 9 Assisted Living and Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Rosalee C. Yeaworth
Chapter 10 Ethical Issues in the Use of Fluids and Nutrition: When Can They Be Withdrawn? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 T. Patrick Hill
Chapter 11 Death, Medicine, and the Moral Significance of Family Decision Making. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 James Lindemann Nelson
Chapter 12 Ethical Issues Concerning Physician-Assisted Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Barbara Supanich
PART III— CRITICAL ISSUES FOR HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Chapter 13 Healthcare Institutional Ethics: Broader Than Clinical Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Carrie S. Zoubul
Chapter 14 Hospital Ethics Committees: Roles, Memberships, Structure, and Difficulties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Michael P. West and Eileen E. Morrison
Chapter 15 Bioethical Dilemmas in Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Kenneth V. Iserson
Chapter 16 Technological Advances in Health Care: Blessing or Ethics Nightmare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Cristian H. Lieneck
Chapter 17 Spirituality and Healthcare Organizations . . . . . . . . . 277 Dexter R. Freeman and Eileen E. Morrison
PART IV—CRITICAL ISSUES FOR SOCIETY’S HEALTH. . . . . . . . . 299
Chapter 18 Health Inequalities and Health Inequities . . . . . . . . . . 301 Nicholas B. King
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Contents vii
Chapter 19 Is Rationing of Health Care Ethically Defensible? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Chris Hackler
Chapter 20 Domestic Violence: Changing Theory, Changing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Carole Warshaw
Chapter 21 Ethics of Disaster Planning and Response . . . . . . . . . . 345 Eileen E. Morrison and Karen J. Bawel-Brinkley
Chapter 22 A New Era of Health Care: The Ethics of Healthcare Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Richard L. O’Brien
Chapter 23 Healthcare Reform: What About Those Left Behind?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Beth Furlong
Chapter 24 Looking Toward the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Beth Furlong and Eileen E. Morrison
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
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ix
Contributors
Karen J. Bawel-Brinkley, RN, PhD
Professor School of Nursing San Jose State University San Jose, CA
Sidney Callahan, PhD Distinguished Scholar The Hastings Center Garrison, NY
Byron Chell, JD Eugene, OR
Kevin T. FitzGerald, SJ, PhD Dr. David Lauler Chair in Catholic
Healthcare Ethics Associate Professor Center for Clinical Bioethics Georgetown University Medical
Center Washington, DC
Dexter R. Freeman, PhD Director Master of Social Work Program Army Medical Department Center
and School Army-Fayetteville State University Houston, TX
Janet Gardner-Ray, EdD CEO Country Home Healthcare, Inc. Charlottesville, IN
Glenn C. Graber, PhD Professor Emeritus Department of Philosophy The University of Tennessee,
Knoxville Knoxville, TN
Chris Hackler, PhD Professor of Medical Humanities Division of Medical Humanities College of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences Little Rock, AR
T. Patrick Hill, PhD Senior Policy Fellow Edward J. Bloustein School of
Planning and Public Policy Rutgers, The State University of New
Jersey New Brunswick, NJ
Kenneth V. Iserson, MD, MBA Professor Emeritus of Emergency
Medicine The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ
Nicholas B. King Assistant Professor Biomedical Ethics Unit McGill University Faculty of
Medicine Montreal, QC, Canada
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x CONTRIBUTORS
Cristian H. Lieneck, PhD, FACMPE, FACHE, FAHM
Assistant Professor Texas State University—San Marcos San Marcos, TX
James Lindemann Nelson, PhD Professor of Philosophy Michigan State University East Lansing, MI
Richard L. O’Brien, MD Professor Emeritus Center for Health Policy & Ethics Creighton University Omaha, NE
Carol Petrozella, BSN, MSN, MSED, EdD
Professor Miami Dade College Adjunct Clinical Professor Nova Southeastern University Miami, FL
Jim Summers, PhD Professor Emeritus School of Health Administration College of Health Professions Texas State University—San Marcos San Marcos, TX
Barbara Supanich, RSM, MD Medical Director
Palliative Care Holy Cross Hospital Silver Spring, MD
Carole Warshaw, MD Director National Center on Domestic
Violence, Trauma & Mental Health Chicago, IL
Michael P. West, EdD, FACHE Executive Director and Fellow University of Texas at Arlington—
Fort Worth American College of Healthcare
Executives Chicago, IL
Rosalee C. Yeaworth, RN, PhD, FAAN
Professor Emeritus and Dean Emeritus
Medical Center and College of Nursing
University of Nebraska Omaha, NE
Carrie S. Zoubul, JD Borchard Fellow Center for Health, Science, and
Public Policy Brooklyn Law School New York, NY
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xi
About the Authors
Eileen E. Morrison, EdH, MPH, LPC, CHES is a professor in the School of Health Administration at Texas State University—San Marcos. Her academic background includes a doctorate from Vanderbilt University and a Master of Public Health from the University of Tennessee. In addition, she holds the credential of Associate in Logotherapy from Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy and a clinical degree in dental hygiene.
Dr. Morrison has taught graduate and undergraduate ethics courses and provided professional workshops on ethics to physicians, nurses, clinical laboratory professionals, dental professionals, and counselors. She has authored articles and chapters on ethics for a variety of publications. In addition, she is the author of Ethics in Health Administration: A Practical Approach for Decision Makers, Second Edition, published by Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Critical Reflection Paper: Chapter 9
Beth Furlong, PhD, JD, RN is an associate professor in the Center for Health Policy and Ethics at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska. Her academic background includes a bachelor’s degree and master’s degree in nursing, a master’s degree and doctorate degree in political science, and a law degree (JD).
Dr. Furlong has taught graduate ethics courses and led continuing education unit workshops for nurses on ethical issues. Her publications are in the areas of health policy, vulnerable populations, and ethics.
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xiii
Preface
The writing of the third edition of Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century occurred during a time of great change for the healthcare system. In fact, health care is facing its greatest changes since the advent of Medicare and Medicaid. In light of this fact, chapters are included that address healthcare reform and its ethical issues. In addition, authors have contributed new chapters to emphasize the impact of technology and new options in long-term care. Existing chapters were updated; some chapters underwent major revisions to connect better to the challenges faced by health professionals in the post-reform era.
The third edition keeps the organizational model of previous editions to assist students in building their knowledge base of ethics and ability to relate ethics to patient issues across the lifespan. It also provides organizational issues, as well as examples of ethical issues germane to society. In homage to those who greatly influenced ethical thought, the model of a Greek temple organizes the chapters in this new edition (see Figure FM–1). The foundation of the temple is ethical theory and principles. Students need this foundation so they can analyze future issues in their practices based on theory and principles and not just on opinion. Critical Reflection Paper: Chapter 9
The three main pillars of the model illustrate the foundation for the other sections of the text: individual, organizational, and societal issues. An introduction to each section sets the stage for the issues presented in the chapters that follow. Authors with extensive experience in healthcare practice and in ethics contributed their insights in these chapters. At the end of each chapter, discussion questions provide the opportunity for thoughtful analysis and application of the issues raised in the chapter. In addition, a new feature,
Ethical Issues
Theoretical Foundations
4526X Author Author’s review