NUR 631 Topic 6 DQ – 2 Answers

Select one of the following articles. Indicate which article you have chosen and craft a scholarly summary highlighting key points and takeaways. Your summary should be between 150-250 words.

“The Use of Neuroimaging for Assessing Disorders of Pituitary Development,” by Iorgi et al., from Clinical Endocrinology (2012). https://lopes-idm-oclc-org.library.gcu.edu:2443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=70117536&site=ehost-live&scope=site

“Thyroid Disorders and Other Endocrinological Disorders in Pregnancy,” by Girling and Sykes, from Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine (2013). http://dx.doi.org.library.gcu.edu:2048/10.1016/j.ogrm.2013.03.009

“Endocrinology Review: Adrenal and Thyroid Disorders,” by Gorman and Chiasera, from Clinical Laboratory Science (2013).

https://library.gcu.edu:2443/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/docview/1355280668?accountid=7374

KINDLY ORDER NOW FOR A RESOURCEFUL, CUSTOM-WRITTEN AND PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

Solutions also available for:

NUR 631 Week 1 Epigenetics Essay

NUR631_Endocrine_Autoimmune

NUR 631 Health Policy

NUR 631 Health Issue Analysis Health Disparities in the United States

NUR 631 Endocrine PowerPoint

NUR 631 Backup of Autoimmunity and Endocrine Disorders

NUR 631 Acid Base

Discussions

NUR 631 Topic 1 DQ 1

NUR 631 Topic 1 DQ 2

NUR 631 Topic 2 DQ 1

NUR 631 Topic 2 DQ 2

NUR 631 Topic 3 DQ 1

NUR 631 Topic 3 DQ 2

NUR 631 Topic 4 DQ 1

NUR 631 Topic 4 DQ 2

NUR 631 Topic 5 DQ 1

Select one of the following discussion questions for your discussion response. Indicate which question you have chosen using the format displayed in the Discussion Forum Sample.

With endocrine disorders, just like any other disorder, it is essential to determine the root cause of the disorder. What are primary, secondary, and tertiary disorders? Compare the differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary forms of hyposecretion and hypersecretion?

The hypothalamic-pituitary system is the main controlling factor for normal endocrine function. What are some of the common ways for this finely balanced system to become unstable?

Explain how the circadian rhythm is related to cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex. What factors cause disturbances in this system?

Explain how the circadian rhythm is related to cortisol secretion from the adrenal

NUR 631 Topic 5 DQ 2

NUR 631 Topic 6 DQ 1

NUR 631 Topic 6 DQ 2

NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers

NUR 631 Assignment: Acid-Base Case Study Essay (1,000-1,250 Words)

Review the “Acid-Base Case Study” resource. Respond to the following questions in an essay of 1,000-1,250
words.

Research and fill in the normal values for the table. Include the table in your essay.

What type of acid-base disturbance is Mr. Davis suffering from and why? What role does excessive alcohol consumption play in the acid-base disturbance seen?

What type of fluid or electrolyte imbalances does Mr. Davis have and why? Calculate the anion gap. Is it high or normal? Why is it high or normal? What information does the anion gap give the provider?

Are Mr. Davis’ respiratory and renal systems attempting to compensate for his acid-base disturbance? If so, how are they compensating and what evidence do you have that they are compensating? Explain the rationale for the low glucose level and high urine ketones. Is the protein level seen in the UA abnormal? Provide a rationale. How do the findings relate to Mr. Davis?

Prepare assignment according to the APA guidelines. An abstract not required, submit assignment to Turnitin.

ORDER NOW FOR A CUSTOM-WRITTEN AND PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers – Week 1 Discussion Question 1:

Select one of the following discussion questions for your discussion response. Indicate which question you have chosen using the format displayed in the Discussion Forum Sample. What are the benefits and consequences
of genetic testing? What is your personal stance on genetic testing? Provide two current (within the last
5 years) scientific or evidence-based resources to support your answer. What are the effects of nutritional
deficits on cellular functioning and tissue healing? Support your answer with current research that has been
conducted within the last 3 years. What is the difference between physiological and pathological atrophy?
Provide at least two clinical examples for each.

NUR-631 Week 1 Discussion Question 2:

Select one of the articles listed below. Indicate which article you have chosen and craft a scholarly summary highlighting key points and takeaways. Your summary should be between 150-250 words.
“Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Atrophy,” by Bonaldo and Sandri, from Disease Models and Mechanisms (2013).

http://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.library.gcu.edu:2048/pmc/articles/PMC3529336/

“Barrett’s Metaplasia as a Paradigm for Understanding the Development of Cancer,” by Burke and Tosh,
from Current Opinion in Genetics & Development (2012).

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S0959437X12000895&site=eds-
live&scope=site

“The Long and the Short of It: Gene and Environment Interactions During Early Cortical Development and Consequences for Long-Term Neurological Disease,” by Stolp et al., from Frontiers in Psychiatry (2012).

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?

NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers – Week 2 Discussion Question 1:

Select one of the following discussion questions for your discussion response. Indicate which question you have chosen using the format displayed in the Discussion Forum Sample.

Inflammation is a process that accompanies many different disease processes. In addition, a diet that is high in sugars and processed foods can also cause inflammation. ——— health risk factors related to dietary habits and inflammation?
What are the differences between the primary and secondary line of defense? What factors interfere with these mechanisms? How are these levels of immunity affected in a child, an elderly person, or a person with a chronic disease?
Ms. Smith presents to her PCP for a comprehensive medical exam. Included in the exam are titers for various childhood diseases since she is not able to find her immunization records. What are “titers” and what type of testing is required to establish immunity?

Explain the difference between primary and secondary immune deficiencies and give an example of a disorder seen with each. Be sure to include the pathophysiology seen with each disorder and the role of the immune deficiency in each disorder.

Ms. Smith presents to her PCP for a comprehensive medical exam. Included in the exam are titers for various childhood diseases since she is not able to find her immunization records. What are “titers” and what type of testing is required to establish immunity?

NUR-631 Week 2 Discussion Question 2:

Select one of the articles listed below. Indicate which article you have chosen and craft a scholarly summary highlighting key points and takeaways. Your summary should be between 150-250 words.

“Toward a Molecular Understanding of Adaptive Immunity: A Chronology, Part I,” by Smith, from Frontiers in Immunology (2012).
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=85343462&site=eds-live&scope=site

“Do Inhibitory Immune Receptors Play a Role in the Etiology of Autoimmune Disease?” by Olde Nordkamp, Koeleman, and Meyaard, from Clinical Immunology (2014).

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S1521661613002994&site=eds-live&scope=site

6. “Impact of Prenatal Stress and Adulthood Stress on Immune System: A Review,” by Wu, from Biomedical Research (2012).

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=83533005&site=eds-live&scope=site.

“Impact of Prenatal Stress and Adulthood Stress on Immune System: A Review,” by Wu, from Biomedical Research (2012).

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=83533005&site=eds-live&scope=site

NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers – Week 3 Discussion Question 1:

Select one of the following discussion questions for your discussion response. Indicate which question you have chosen using the format displayed in the Discussion Forum Sample.

Explain how acid-base physiology leads to the regulation of fluid balance and extra cellular pH.
What is the equation for the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffering system? How do actions at the lungs and kidneys affect this equation and thus compensate for alterations in plasma pH levels?
How can an aspirin overdose cause a respiratory alkalosis and a metabolic acidosis? Be sure to thoroughly explain the pathophysiological mechanisms involved.
Based on your clinical experiences, what is the most commonly dangerous electrolyte imbalance and why? Explain the pathophysiology of the imbalance.

How do changes in plasma osmolality affect the physiology of erythrocytes? Based on your clinical experiences, what is the most commonly dangerous electrolyte imbalance and why? Explain the pathophysiology of the imbalance.

NUR-631 Week 3 Discussion Question 2:

Select one of the articles listed below. Indicate which article you have chosen and craft a scholarly summary highlighting key points and takeaways. Your summary should be between 150-250 words.

5. “Fluid Balance and Sodium Losses During Indoor Tennis Match Play,” by Lott and Galloway, from International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism (2011). https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=69665497&site=eds-live&scope=site
6. “Hepatic Encephalopathy Complicated With Hyponatremia and Acid-Base Disturbance and Its Prognosis,” by Chengshan et al., from Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA (2012). https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S1000194812600161&site=eds-live&scope=site

“Measuring and Managing Fluid Balance,” by Shepherd, from Nursing Times (2011). http://search.proquest.com/docview/1038833471?accountid=7374

Article chosen to summarize “Measuring and Managing Fluid Balance,” by Shepherd, from Nursing Times (2011). http://search.proquest.com/docview/1038833471?accountid=7374. Nursing NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers

NUR 631 Week 4 Discussion Question 1:

Select one of the following discussion questions for your discussion response. Indicate which question you have chosen using the format displayed in the Discussion Forum Sample.

Anemia of chronic disease is a common occurrence in elderly patients. What is the pathophysiological mechanism behind this disease process?
Virchow’s triad refers to states that can produce hypercoagulability. What are the three categories? Give an example for each and explain the pathophysiological changes seen.
Hemolytic anemias may be inherited (such as in sickle cell anemia) or acquired. What are the etiologies for each and what is the pathophysiological mechanism shared by both?

Hemolytic anemias may be inherited (such as in sickle cell anemia) or acquired. What are the etiologies for each and what is the pathophysiological mechanism shared by both?

NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers – Week 4 Discussion Question 2:

Select one of the articles listed below. Indicate which article you have chosen and craft a scholarly summary highlighting key points and takeaways. Your summary should be between 150-250 words.

4. “Thalassemia Intermedia: An Overview” by Shawky and Kamal, from Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics (2012). https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=83717104&site=eds-live&scope=site
5. “Pathophysiology of Anemia and Erythrocytosis,” by Hodges, Rainey, Lappin, and Maxwell, from Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology (2007). http://www.sciencedirect.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S1040842807001199
6. “Sickle-Cell Anemia” in The Cambridge Historical Dictionary of Disease (2003). https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/cupdisease/sickle_cell_anemia/0

“Thalassemia Intermedia: An Overview” by Shawky and Kamal, from Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics (2012). https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=83717104&site=eds-live&scope=site

NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers – Week 5 Discussion Question 1:

Select one of the following discussion questions for your discussion response. Indicate which question you have chosen using the format displayed in the Discussion Forum Sample.

With endocrine disorders, just like any other disorder, it is essential to determine the root cause of the disorder. What are primary, secondary, and tertiary disorders? Compare the differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary forms of hyposecretion and hypersecretion? Nursing NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers.
The hypothalamic-pituitary system is the main controlling factor for normal endocrine function. What are some of the common ways for this finely balanced system to become unstable?
Explain how the circadian rhythm is related to cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex. What factors cause disturbances in this system?

Explain how the circadian rhythm is related to cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex. What factors cause disturbances in this system?

ORDER NOW FOR A CUSTOM-WRITTEN AND PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

NUR 631 Week 5 Discussion Question 2:

Select one of the articles listed below. Indicate which article you have chosen and craft a scholarly summary highlighting key points and takeaways. Your summary should be between 150-250 words.

4. “Neuroendocrine, Immune and Oxidative Stress in Shift Workers,” by Faraut, Bayon, and Leger, from Sleep Medicine Reviews (2013).
http://dx.doi.org.library.gcu.edu:2048/10.1016/j.smrv.2012.12.006

“Pathology of the Pituitary, Parathyroid, Thyroid and Adrenal Glands,” by Okpohkam and Johnson, from Surgery (Oxford) (2011). http://dx.doi.org.library.gcu.edu:2048/10.1016/j.mpsur.2011.06.004

NUR 631 Week 6 Discussion Question 1:

Select one of the following discussion questions for your discussion response. Indicate which question you have chosen using the format displayed in the Discussion Forum Sample.

What are some of the key pathophysiological differences between neurogenic and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Explain the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome and explain the pathophysiology behind the systems seen.
Diabetic neuropathies are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. ………. etiology, pathophysiology, and outcomes of one of the following: retinopathy, nephropathy, or neuropathy.
Explain the role of leptin in the role of obesity.

Explain the role of leptin in the role of obesity.

NUR-631 Week 6 Discussion Question 2:

Select one of the following articles. Indicate which article you have chosen and craft a scholarly summary highlighting key points and takeaways. Your summary should be between 150-250 words.

5. “The Use of Neuroimaging for Assessing Disorders of Pituitary Development,” by Iorgi et al., from Clinical Endocrinology (2012). https://lopes-idm-oclc-org.library.gcu.edu:2443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=70117536&site=ehost-live&scope=site
6. “Thyroid Disorders and Other Endocrinological Disorders in Pregnancy,” by Girling and Sykes, from Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine (2013).
http://dx.doi.org.library.gcu.edu:2048/10.1016/j.ogrm.2013.03.009
“Endocrinology Review: Adrenal and Thyroid Disorders,” by Gorman and Chiasera, from Clinical Laboratory Science (2013).
https://library.gcu.edu:2443/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/docview/1355280668?accountid=7374

“Thyroid Disorders and Other Endocrinological Disorders in Pregnancy,” by Girling and Sykes, from Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine (2013).

http://dx.doi.org.library.gcu.edu:2048/10.1016/j.ogrm.2013.03.009

NUR 631 Week 7 Discussion Question 1:

Select one of the following discussion questions for your discussion response. Indicate which question you have chosen using the format displayed in the Discussion Forum Sample.

From a pathophysiological perspective, how can the recovery of certain functions following a stroke or spinal trauma be explained?
What are some the recent discoveries surrounding the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease and how could these discoveries lead to new treatments?
What are some of the leading theories that attempt to describe the pathophysiology underlying fibromyalgia? Which ones are best supported?

What are some the recent discoveries surrounding the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease and how could these discoveries lead to new treatments?

NUR-631 Week 7 Discussion Question 2:

Select one of the following articles. Indicate which article you have chosen and craft a scholarly summary highlighting key points and takeaways. Your summary should be between 150-250 words.

“Genetic Insights Into the Causes and Classification of the Cerebral Palsies,” by Moreno-De-Luca, Ledbetter and Martin, from The Lancet Neurology (2012).
http://dx.doi.org.library.gcu.edu:2048/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70287-3
“Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease and Essential Tremor: Three Common Degenerative Diseases With Shared Mechanisms?” by Louis and Benito-León, from European Journal of Neurology (2010).
https://lopes-idm-oclc-org.library.gcu.edu:2443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=50437183&site=ehost-live&scope=site
“Crosstalk Between Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders,” by Kaidanovich-Beilin, Cha, and McIntyre, from F1000 Biology Reports (2012).
http://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.library.gcu.edu:2048/pmc/articles/PMC3388805/

“Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease and Essential Tremor: Three Common Degenerative Diseases With Shared Mechanisms?” by Louis and Benito-León, from European Journal of Neurology (2010). https://lopes-idm-oclc-org.library.gcu.edu:2443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=50437183&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers – Week 8 Discussion Question:

Select one of the articles listed below. Indicate which article you have chosen and craft a scholarly summary highlighting key points and takeaways. Your summary should be between 150-250 words.

“The Factory Model of Disease,” by Williams, from Monist (2007).http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ofs&AN=509858107&site=ehost-live&scope=site
“Coagulation Factor Activity and Clinical Bleeding Severity in Rare Bleeding Disorders: Results from the European Network of Rare Bleeding Disorders,” by Peyvandi, Palla, Menegatti, Siboni, Halimeh, Faeser, and Rosendaal, from Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis: JTH (2012). http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=73959324&site=ehost-live&scope=site
“Contemporary Microsurgical Concept for the Treatment of Cushing’s Disease: Endocrine Outcome in 83 Consecutive Patients,” by Honegger, Schmalisch, Beuschlein, Kaufmann, Schnauder, Naegele, and Psaras, from Clinical Endocrinology (2012). http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=72458480&site=ehost-live&scope=site

“Coagulation Factor Activity and Clinical Bleeding Severity in Rare Bleeding Disorders: Results from the European Network of Rare Bleeding Disorders,” by Peyvandi, Palla, Menegatti, Siboni, Halimeh, Faeser, and Rosendaal, from Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis: JTH (2012). http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=73959324&site=ehost-live&scope=site

NUR-631 Week 10 Discussion Question:

The American Cancer Society states that some cancers can be prevented, as they are related to lifestyle factors such as diet, obesity, smoking, and lack of physical activity. Early detection and screening mechanisms are obviously key, but the data suggests that they have only been somewhat effective. What are some ideas and strategies that could perhaps lead to a further reduction in preventable cancer deaths?
Discuss a malabsorption condition and share the pathophysiological alterations associated with the condition.

NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers – Week 12 Discussion Question:

Explain the concept of azotemia (including prerenal, renal, and postrenal), causes, and diagnostic measures used to identify each.
Spinal cord injuries carry a high risk of neurogenic bladder and reflex incontinence. Explain the mechanisms responsible for these disorders.

NUR 631 Week 5 Assignment: CLC – Endocrine System Presentation – Thyroid Gland

The instructor will divide the class into CLC groups. Each group will be responsible for creating a presentation on one organ of the endocrine system. Include anatomical features, key functions, and purpose in the presentation.

Please note the following participation and submission requirements for the CLC assignment:

Each student is responsible for participation within the CLC group on the assigned case studies. The instructor will monitor the CLC Discussion Forum. One member of the group will submit the assignment to the instructor.

Solid academic writing needed. In text citations and references required using APA documentation.

NUR-631 Week 6 Assignment: Autoimmunity and Endocrine Disorder Essay (750-1,000 Words)

In an essay of 750-1,000 words, explain the role of autoimmunity in three endocrine disorders. Make sure to
include the following:

The process of autoimmunity. How autoimmunity occurs in the endocrine system. Information about pathophysiological changes described in graduate-level terms.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines. An abstract not required. Submit this assignment to Turnitin.

NUR 631 Week 10 Assignment: Gastrointestinal Case Study Essay (1,000-1,250 words)

Review the “Gastrointestinal Case Study” resource.

Complete the table in the resource and then respond to the following in an essay of 1,000-1,250 words.

Was Mrs. Miller appropriate in taking the advice of her neighbor for a daily aspirin? Why or why not?
How are the mucosal protective effects of prostaglandins altered with NSAID use? How do they contribute to the development of a peptic ulcer associated with aspirin or NSAID use? Why is there an apparent suddenness of the bleeding? Why did she not experience pain as a warning signal? What are other risk factors associated with aspirin or NSAID use? Research and fill in the normal values for the table. Include the table in your NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers.

Evaluate the findings and give an explanation as to why abnormal lab values are seen.

Evaluate Mrs. Miller’s CBC. What are your findings? Give an explanation for any abnormal findings.

Among the results of her initial laboratory tests was an elevated BUN level. What is the reason for the elevated BUN?
Based on this patient’s pathology and findings, what would you expect to see for her indirect and direct bilirubin
levels? Why?

NUR 631 Week 3 Quiz Study Guide

Cells, Adaptation, Adaptive Processes
Necrosis
Genetics, Multifactorial Disorders
Immunity, Inflammatory Response, Blood Type

NUR-631 Week 3 Quiz Review

NECROSIS – tab 1, p.90-91
HYPERTROPHY – tab 2, p. 51
X-LINKED RECESSIVE DISORDERS – tab 3, p. 156-158
CHROMOSOMES – tab 8, p. 142-51
ADAPTATION – tab 9, p. 49-54
HIV – tab 10, p. 322-9
NK CELLS – tab 15, p. 256
IMMUNODEFICIENCY – tab 17, p. 281-92
BLOOD TYPE – tab 18, p. 278-80
IMMUNOGLOBULINS (ANTIBODIES) – tab 16, p. 227
ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY – tab 16, p. 227
LATE STAGE INFLAMMATION – tab 20, p. 195
HISTAMINE – tab 21, p. 206-7
ACTIVATION OF CLASSICAL PATHWAY (complement system)– tab 22, p. 197
EPIGENETICS – tab 4, p. 183-90
MULTIFACTORAL DISEASES – tab 5, p.171-180
DIABETES II – tab 6, p 177-8
CYSTIC FIBROSIS – tab 7, p. 1310-13
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT/RECESSIVE – tab 14, p152-6
DOWN SYNDROME – tab 13, p. 146
PATHOLOGIC HYPERPLASIA – tab 12, p.
METAPLASIA – tab 11, p. 54

Nursing NUR 631 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Assignment Papers

NUR 631 Week 1 Pre-Assessment Quiz

Explanatory Question and Answers

Total: 25

Which type of cells can loose their ability to replicate and divide.
Explain what occurs when you have abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation.

Topic 16: Final Exam Study Guide

Cellular biology and Alterations
Genetics
Fluid and Electrolytes and Acid-base
Pulmonology
Cardiovascular
Endocrinology
Neurology
Gastroenterology
Nephrology
Urology
Musculoskeletal
Integumentary
Oncology
Hematology
Infection
Reproductive.