BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 6 Case Study

Question 1

Maria, a 66-year-old female, visits her physician complaining of sudden onset abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. She does not take any prescription medications, but does take aspirin each day to lower her risk of heart disease. She has no notable history of digestive system issues. Maria has a family history of pancreatitis. She is slightly obese and has been mostly sedentary since her recent retirement. Her doctor performs multiple tests and diagnoses Maria with diverticulitis.

Diverticulitis affects which digestive organ?

Question 2

Briefly explain, in your own words, the anatomy of diverticula. Include information about the layers of the alimentary canal.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 3 of BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II – Module 6 Case Study

Diverticula may be asymptomatic for years or for a lifetime. Describe, in your own words, why diverticula may cause sudden pain.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 4

In addition to the symptoms Maria reported, which of these symptoms is commonly related to diverticulitis?

Question 5

Which part of Maria’s history is NOT a risk factor for diverticulitis?

Question 6

Maria’s doctor asks about her diet. Which of these diets is most closely related to diverticulosis/diverticulitis?

Question 7

One of the tests Maria’s doctor orders is a fecal occult blood test. It was positive. Briefly describe why this test was positive in Maria’s case.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 8

One of the diagnostic tests that Maria’s doctor ordered was a visual exam of the inside of the large intestine with a camera that is inserted through the anus and rectum. What is this procedure called?

Question 9

If Maria’s case is severe, she may choose to undergo a colon resection. Which of these statements describes that procedure?

Question 10

Briefly describe the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Include information about the prevalence of each condition.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 11 of BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II – Module 6 Case Study

Jim is a truck driver who is on the road for long hours. He admits to eating “unhealthy” foods and often stops at fast food restaurants after his late shifts, choosing cheeseburgers, French fries, and pizza most often. He does not drink alcohol because his job requires him to drive at a moment’s notice, but he does drink coffee throughout the day to keep awake during his odd hours. He has a history of intermittent heartburn, but the chest pain is getting more frequent and more severe, so he decides to seek treatment.

What is the medical name for heartburn?

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 12

Briefly describe, in your own words, why chest pain occurs in patients who have heartburn.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 13

Which of the following anatomical structures is weakened, causing Jim’s heartburn?

Question 14

From what you know about Jim, do you think his recent chest pain could be related to more than just heartburn?

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 15

Jim’s doctor would like him to try OTC medication before prescribing something stronger. Which of these medications would likely help Jim? (Select all that apply.)

Question 16

List and describe 3 risk factors that Jim has for GERD.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 17

Jim is at risk for developing a complication known as Barrett’s esophagus. Briefly describe the pathophysiology of this condition.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 18

After two weeks, the OTC medication Jim tried isn’t helping, so his doctor wants to perform a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a light and camera to look for inflammation inside the esophagus and test for Barrett’s esophagus. What is this procedure called?

Question 19 of BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II – Module 6 Case Study

Which of the following lifestyle changes is NOT typically recommended to patient’s with GERD?

Question 20

In addition to Jim’s risk factors, which of these conditions may increase the likelihood of a patient developing GERD?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II – Module 7 Case Study

Question 1

Kelly is a 36-year-old female who has a history of type 2 diabetes, several respiratory infections as a child, and two full-term pregnancies (5 and 7 years ago). Two days ago, she began feeling a burning sensation when urinating. Her pain is progressively getting worse. Kelly assumes that she has a urinary tract infection (UTI) and makes an appointment at her primary clinic to seek relief.

A urinary tract infection could affect all of the following organs, except:

Question 2

Kelly’s physician orders a urinalysis. If she has a UTI, which of the following will most likely be abnormal?

Question 3

Having female anatomy is a major risk factor for UTIs. Briefly describe, in your own words, why this is true.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 4

Aside from being female, which other risk factor is mentioned in Kelly’s history?

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 5

Kelly’s physician determines that her infection has reached her bladder. What is this called?

Question 6

Aside from Kelly’s complaint, which other symptoms are likely for her condition? (Select all that apply.)

Question 7

Which of the following would be a sign that Kelly’s UTI has reached her kidneys?

Question 8

Which of the following choices is the most common cause of UTIs?

Question 9

Kelly will likely be prescribed short-course antibiotics for treatment. She may also be prescribed an analgesic. How would this help her, physiologically?

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 10

List and describe 3 steps Kelly can take to prevent UTIs in the future.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 11

Daniel is a 52-year-old male with a history of obesity and diabetes. He had gastric bypass surgery 6 years ago and has been maintaining normal blood glucose levels and a BMI of 25 for the last 4 years. Daniel was able to stop taking medication for his diabetes, but still takes a daily multivitamin. He has had symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome intermittently for 6 months, including abdominal pain and constipation. Within the last week, he has developed new symptoms that are more severe than the abdominal pain in the past. Daniel’s pain radiates into his groin and inferior to the ribs on his right side. The pain fluctuates in intensity, but is so severe that it’s debilitating at times. This morning, his pain was accompanied by nausea and vomiting, so he decided to seek emergency care.

The emergency department physician suspects that Daniel may have kidney stones. Where could the kidney stone be located?

Question 12

An x-ray confirms the presence of multiple kidney stones. If Daniel is not treated, what are possible complications? List and briefly describe 2 possible complications.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 13

Why might Daniel’s doctor ask him about his diet? Briefly explain how his diet might be related to his condition.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 14

Aside from the symptoms mentioned in Daniel’s history, which of the following are common symptoms of nephrolithiasis? (Select all that apply.)

Question 15

Why might Daniel’s doctor recommend that he stop taking his daily multivitamin?

Question 16

Which parts of Daniel’s history contribute to his risk for kidney stones?

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 17

Kidney stones have many causes. The stones are commonly composed of all the following substances, except:

Question 18

Daniel has small stones that are lodged in the left renal pelvis. His doctor recommends passing them naturally. Which of the following choices describes the path that these stones must take to exit the body?

Question 19

Daniel has a large stone lodged in his right ureter that requires treatment via a procedure called extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Which of the following statements describes this procedure?

Question 20

List and briefly describe 3 steps Daniel can take to prevent future renal lithiasis.

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BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II – Module 8 Case Study

Question 1

Jeff is a 57-year-old male with a long history of type 1 diabetes. He takes insulin to manage his diabetes, but has been having trouble maintaining steady blood glucose levels over the last two weeks. Jeff suffered a week-long case of influenza last month, but is otherwise healthy. This morning, he began vomiting upon waking. This was followed by extreme abdominal pain and extreme thirst. He called his endocrinologist, who told him that he needs to seek emergency care.

Given Jeff’s history of type 1 diabetes, which of the following conditions is he most likely experiencing?

Question 2

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a type of respiratory acidosis.

Question 3

If Jeff has diabetic ketoacidosis, which of the following symptoms may he also be experiencing?

Question 4

To diagnosis his condition, a blood osmolality test is ordered. An abnormally high result could point to all of the following conditions EXCEPT:

Question 5

If Jeff has an acidic condition related to his diabetes, which of the following signs are likely to be present?

Question 6

Briefly explain why Jeff has a feeling of extreme thirst.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 7

Metabolic acidosis results is low blood pH levels and high bicarbonate ion concentration.

Question 8

If Jeff’s condition goes untreated, his body may begin to hyperventilate to compensate for the change in his blood pH levels.

Question 9

Treatment for Jeff’s acidic condition may include all of the following EXCEPT:

Question 10

Kidney failure, cardiac arrest, and cerebral edema are all possible complications if Jeff’s condition is not treated.

Question 11

Hiro is a 46-year-old male who has recently acquired severe food poisoning, which caused 72 hours of frequent vomiting and diarrhea. The third day after his symptoms began, Hiro experienced heart palpitations and confusion. He had trouble answering simple questions and felt disoriented. His care team was concerned about these new symptoms and decided to perform a urinalysis and several blood tests to determine the cause. These are Hiro’s results:

Blood Calcium Level: 4.6 mEq/L

Blood Sodium Level: 140 mEq/L

Blood Potassium Level: 2.9 mEq/L

Urine Specific Gravity: 1.020

Which of the following conditions is Hiro experiencing?

Question 12

Briefly explain why Hiro’s food poisoning led to an electrolyte imbalance.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 13

In addition to what Hiro has already experienced, which of the following symptoms may be related to Hiro’s condition? (Select all that apply.)

Question 14

In Hiro’s case, how is stomach acid related to the loss of potassium?

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 15

How is Hiro’s specific gravity level related to his level of hydration?

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 16

Hiro’s electrolyte imbalance is caused by vomiting and diarrhea. Which of the following could also cause his condition? (Select all that apply.)

Question 17

Explain how Hiro’s kidneys will help return his potassium levels to normal.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 18

Most of the body’s potassium is found in the:

Question 19

Why do potassium levels have such a strong effect on muscle function?

Question 20

Which of the following treatments would be most appropriate for Hiro? BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II – Module 7 Case Study.