Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Michael is a 30 year old salesman, who spends approximately 4 days each week traveling to visit with customers in his region. During his routine physical, he casually mentions to his physician that he seems to be sweating more profusely than normal and mentions that most rooms that once felt comfortable are now too “hot”. He thought that it was simply due to the change in seasons and companies being slow to turn down the thermostats from the winter temperatures, however, this problem seems to persist even when he is at home. A room that his wife and children find to be comfortable causes him to sweat profusely. The Case of the Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment. Michael also reports that he seems to be loosing weight even though his appetite has increased. He also complains that he has a shortened attention span and that he always wants to be moving around. Despite the fact that he feels fatigued, Michael claims to have difficulty sleeping and seems to have more frequent bowel movements, occasionally accompanied by diarrhea.
The physician checks Michael’s medical history and finds that, indeed, he has lost 15 pounds since his last physical. The Case of the Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment. Wanting to rule out the possibility of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the physician asks Michael questions about his sexual history and practices and finds that he is not at risk for HIV infection. Also, in checking his chart, the physician finds that Michael has a negative history for chronic illnesses, does not smoke, and has a low risk for cardiovascular disease. He does, however, have a positive family history for autoimmune diseases. His father suffers from idiopathic thrombocytopenia, his mother has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and his oldest sister was recently diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus. Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
ORDER Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Results of Michael’s physical examination were within normal ranges with the exception of the following: he demonstrated tachycardia, loud heart sounds, and apparent cardiac arrhythmias accompanied by slight hypertension. These arrhythmias were confirmed by electrocardiogram to be supraventricular in origin. Michael’s eyeballs appeared large and protruding and his hair was fine and soft. He was also beginning to demonstrate some degree of alopecia. Michael was also observed to have palmar erythema. The Case of the Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment. Palpation of the neck revealed the presence of goiter. Results of blood tests indicated elevated concentrations of thyroid hormones (thyroxin and triiodothyronine), hypercalcemia, and decreased circulating concentrations of lipids. Based on the physical characteristics and the results of the blood tests, Michael’s physician suspected that Michael was suffering from some form of hyperthyroidism and sent him to an endocrinologist to confirm the initial diagnosis. Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Following the initial consultation and examination, the endocrinologist ordered tests to determine whether Michael has a hyperthyroid. The test results indicated an elevation in the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood and the presence of thyroid-stimulating antibodies. These antibodies specifically stimulate the thyroid gland by binding with the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor located on the plasma membrane of the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Based on these results, the endocrinologist concluded that Michael has Grave’s disease, a form of hyperthyroidism believed to be autoimmune in nature. Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment. Michael was presented with a number of possible treatment options. These included treatment with chemicals (propylthiouracil and methimazole) that decrease the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland, radioisotopic destruction of the thyroid gland by the use of 131I, and surgical removal of the thyroid gland. After considering all the options, especially the possible effects of radiation on gamete development, Michael chose surgery. Following successful surgery, Michael was prescribed synthetic thyroid hormone to ensure that his body was receiving adequate thyroid hormone and was told to return within 2 months for a follow-up evaluation of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations. He was also cautioned to carefully monitor his calcium intake. Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Using the the terms covered this week answer the following questions about this case:
Why would an imbalance in thyroid hormones have such a widespread effect on the body? Why was a goiter observed in Michael’s neck? Given that Michael and his wife may want to have more children, why was radioisotope, for the destruction of the thyroid gland, ruled out?
Here are the discussion board requirements.
- The initial discussion post must be at least 250 words of content, referencing the reading of the week, and include a scholarly source. The Case of the Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Endocrine System
Chapter 13
Related Combining Forms
Structure | Related Combining Forms |
Adrenal glands | adren/o |
Gonads | gonad/o |
Male: testicles | testic/o |
Female: ovaries | ovari/o |
Pancreatic islets | pancreat/o |
Parathyroid glands | parathyroid/o |
Pineal gland | pineal/o |
Pituitary gland | pituit/o, pituitar/o |
Thymus | thym/o |
Thyroid gland | thyr/o, thyroid/o |
Functions of Endocrine System
Production of hormones that work together to maintain homeostasis
Hormones
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood stream reaching target cells and organs
Regulate activities of specific cells and organs. Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Structures of Endocrine System
Endocrine glands
Produce hormones
Are ductless
(endo-: within; -crine: to secrete)
13 major glands
One pituitary gland; one pineal gland; one thyroid gland; four parathyroid glands; one thymus; one pancreas; two adrenal glands; two gonads
Structures of Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
Located below hypothalamus in the brain
Two divisions
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Secretes hormones controlling the activity of other endocrine glands
Responds to stimuli from neurohormones to maintain appropriate levels of hormones
Pituitary Gland
Secretions of Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates growth/secretions of adrenal cortex
(adren/o: adrenal; cortic/o: cortex; trop: change)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates secretion of estrogen and growth of ova in the ovaries of females
Stimulates production of sperm in the testicles of males
Secretions of Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe
Growth Hormone (GH)
Regulates growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
Also known as somatotropic hormone
(somat/o: body)
Lactogenic Hormone (LTH)
Stimulates and maintains secretion of breast milk in mother after childbirth
(lact/o: milk; gen-: producing) Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Secretions of Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Stimulates ovulation in females
Stimulates secretion of testosterone in males
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Increases production of melanin, causing darkening of skin
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Stimulates secretion of hormones by the thyroid
Secretions of Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Secreted by hypothalamus and stored in pituitary gland
Helps control blood pressure by reducing amount of water excreted through kidneys
Secretions of Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe
Oxytocin (OXT)
Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
Controls postnatal hemorrhage
Stimulates flow of milk from mammary glands
(oxy-: swift; -tocin: labor) The Case of the Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Pineal Gland
Located in the central portion of the brain
Functions and Secretions
Secretions influence sleep-wakefulness cycle also called circadian cycle
Melatonin is the hormone responsible for this cycle
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage
Functions
Regulates body metabolism
Influences growth and functioning of nervous system
Thyroid Gland
Secretions
Two primary hormones regulate metabolic rate and affect growth and rate of function of many body systems
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
(rate of secretion controlled by TSH produced by anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Thyroid Gland
Secretions
Calcitonin
Works with parathyroid hormone, decreases calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in bones and teeth
Parathyroid Glands
Four glands embedded in the posterior surface of thyroid gland
Functions
Regulate calcium levels
Secretions
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues
Parathyroid Glands
Thymus
Located near midline in anterior portion of thoracic cavity; posterior to sternum; superior to heart
Functions
Helps develop immune system before birth and in childhood
Reduced function after puberty as it turns into fatty tissue
Thymus
Secretions
Thymosin
Stimulates maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets)
Pancreas functions as a part of digestive as well as endocrine system
Pancreatic islets have the endocrine function
Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets)
Functions of the pancreatic islets
Controls blood glucose levels and glucose metabolism throughout the body
Secretions of the pancreatic islets
Glucose
ORDER CUSTOM SOLUTIONS NOW
Basic form of energy used by the body
Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets) Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Secretions of the pancreatic islets
Glucagon
Hormone secreted by alpha cells in response to the low levels of blood glucose
Increases glucose level by stimulating liver to convert glycogen into glucose to be released into bloodstream
Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets)
Secretions of the pancreatic islets
Insulin
Hormone secreted by beta cells in response to the high levels of blood glucose
Allows glucose to enter the cells to be used as energy
Stimulates liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage when additional glucose is not needed
Adrenal Glands.
Located on the top of each kidney
Adrenal cortex = outer portion
Adrenal medulla = middle portion
Adrenal Glands
Functions of Adrenal Glands
Control electrolyte levels within the body
Electrolytes: calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium normally found in blood and other body fluids
Help regulate metabolism and interaction with sympathetic nervous system in response to stress
Secretions of Adrenal Cortex
Androgens
Sex hormones secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex, and fat cells
Corticosteroids
Steroid hormones
Aldosterone regulates sodium and water levels by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys
Cortisol has anti-inflammatory action
Secretions of Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
Stimulates sympathetic nervous system in response to the physical injury or mental stress
Nonepinephrine
Released as a hormone by adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by sympathetic nervous system
Gonads
Gamete-producing glands
Ovaries in females
Testicles in males
Gamete = reproductive cell
Functions of Gonads
Secrete hormones responsible for development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics that develop during puberty
Puberty. Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Physical changes by which child’s body becomes adult body capable of reproducing
Secretions of Gonads
Estrogen
Secreted by ovaries
Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Important in development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of menstrual cycle
Progesterone
Released during second half of the menstrual cycle
Secretions of Gonads
Gonadotropin
Any hormone that stimulates the gonads
(gonad/o: gonad)
Androgens
Primarily testosterone, secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex, and fat cells
Promote development and maintenance of male sex characteristics
Secretions of Gonads
Testosterone
Steroid hormone secreted by testicles and adrenal cortex
Stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen and testosterone are present in males and females both but in different amounts depending on the gender
Specialized Types of Hormones
Have different chemical structure or are not secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream
Steroids
Secreted by endocrine glands or artificially produced as medications to relieve swelling and inflammation
Specialized Types of Hormones
Anabolic steroids
Man-made substances chemically related to male sex hormones
Used to treat hormone imbalance in men and to help the body replace muscle mass caused by disease
May be used illegally by athletes to build muscle mass
Hormones Secreted by Fat Cells
Leptin. The Case of the Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Protein hormone involved in the regulation of appetite
Acts on hypothalamus to suppress appetite and burn fat stored in adipose tissue
Ghrelin
Produced in GI tract
Referred to as “hunger” hormone
Neurohormones
Produced and released by neurons in the brain and delivered to various organs/tissues through the bloodstream
Medical Specialties Related to Endocrine System
Endocrinologist
Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases and malfunctions of endocrine glands
Certified diabetes educator
Qualified to teach people with diabetes to manage their disease
Pathology of Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Acromegaly
Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Abnormal enlargement of hands/feet due to excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
(acr/o: extremities)
Gigantism
Abnormal growth of entire body caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
Pathology of Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Hyperpituitarism
Excess secretion of growth hormone causing acromegaly and gigantism
Short stature
May be due to deficient secretion of growth hormone
Pituitary adenoma
Slow-growing benign tumor of pituitary gland
Pathology of Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Galactorrhea
Excess of prolactin causing breasts to produce milk spontaneously
Prolactinoma
Benign tumor of pituitary gland
(pro: on behalf of; lactin: milk)
Antidiuretic Hormone Conditions
Diabetes insipidus
Caused by insufficient production of ADH or inability of kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone
Too much fluid is excreted by the kidneys
The Case of the Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
Overproduction of ADH leading to water retention
Pathology of Pineal Gland
Pinealoma
Tumor causing disruption of the production of melatonin
May cause insomnia by disrupting circadian cycle
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid carcinoma
Most common cancer of endocrine system
Affects more women than men
Insufficient Thyroid Secretion
Hashimoto’s disease
Autoimmune disease in which body’s antibodies attack and destroy cells of the thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
Deficiency of thyroid secretion
Insufficient Thyroid Secretion
Cretinism
Congenital form of hypothyroidism
Lack of treatment leads to arrested physical and mental development
Myxedema
Extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion in the adult
Excessive Thyroid Secretion
Thyroid storm
Life-threatening condition due to exaggerated hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Overproduction of thyroid hormones
Causes imbalance of metabolism
Graves’ Disease
Immune system attacks thyroid gland stimulating the production of excessive amounts of thyroid hormone
Goiter
Abnormal benign enlargement of thyroid gland
Swelling in front of the neck
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of eyeball out of the orbit
Parathyroid Glands
Hyperparathyroidism
Overproduction of parathyroid hormone leading to hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high concentration of calcium circulating in the blood, instead of being stored in bones and teeth
ORDER CUSTOM SOLUTIONS NOW
Parathyroid Glands
Hypoparathyroidism
The Case of the Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Insufficient secretion of parathyroid hormone causing hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Abnormally low levels of calcium in blood
Thymus
Thymitis
Inflammation of thymus gland
(thym: thymus)
Pancreas
Insulinoma
Benign tumor of pancreas causing hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of pancreas
Often due to long-term alcohol abuse
Abnormal Blood Glucose Levels
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high concentration of glucose in blood
(glyc: sugar)
Symptoms include polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
(-dipsia: thirst)
Abnormal Blood Glucose Levels
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger
(-phagia: eating)
Polyuria
Excessive urination
(-uria: urination)
Abnormal Blood Glucose Levels
Hyperinsulinism
Excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood
Diabetes Mellitus
Most common endocrine system disease
Metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in the production of insulin or inability to use it properly
Classified as Type 1, Type 2, or Type 1.5
Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Type 1 Diabetes
Autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder
Caused by destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
Treatment: diet, exercise, and insulin replacement therapy administered by injection or insulin pump
Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin resistance disorder
Inefficient use of insulin by the body
Patient may be asymptomatic for years
Treatment: diet, exercise, and oral medications
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
Known as Type 1.5 diabetes
Development of Type 1 diabetes in adults
Shares characteristics of Type 2, but with autoimmune antibodies
Often occurs in adults of normal weight, and family history of Type 1 diabetes
Treatment: diet, exercise, oral medications, and insulin
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Occurs during some pregnancies
Usually disappears after delivery
Diabetic Emergencies
Diabetic coma
Due to hyperglycemia
Treatment: prompt administration of insulin
Insulin shock
Due to hypoglycemia
Treatment: administration of oral glucose that can be rapidly absorbed into bloodstream
Diabetic Complications
Diabetic retinopathy
Damage to blood vessels in the retina
Blood leaks into posterior segment of eyeball resulting in loss of vision
Heart disease
Walls of blood vessels become rigid
Diabetic Complications
Ketosis
High levels of ketones indicate insufficient production of insulin to convert glucose into energy
Kidney disease
Due to damage to the blood vessels and reduction of blood flow to the kidneys
Diabetic Complications
Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Peripheral neuropathy
Damage to the nerves affecting hands and feet
Causes slow wound healing
Adrenal Glands
Addison’s disease
Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone
Adrenalitis
Inflammation of adrenal glands
Aldosteronism
Electrolyte imbalance due to excessive secretion of aldosterone
Adrenal Glands
Conn’s syndrome
Due to excessive production of aldosterone
Primary form of aldosteronism
Pheochromocytoma
Benign tumor of the adrenal gland causing high amount of secretions of epinephrine and norepinephrine
(phe/o: dusky; chrom/o: color)
Cushing’s Syndrome
Prolonged exposure to the high levels of cortisol
May be due to body’s overproduction of cortisol, or by prolonged use of corticosteroids
Gonads
Hypergonadism
Hypersecretion of hormones by sex glands
Hypogonadism
Hyposecretion of hormones by sex glands
Gynecomastia
Excessive mammary gland development in males
(gynec/o: female; mast: breast)
Diagnostic Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Thyroid gland
Radioactive iodine uptake test
Administration of oral radioactive iodine to measure thyroid function
Thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
Measures circulating blood level of TSH
Thyroid scan
Use of nuclear medicine to measure thyroid function
Diagnostic Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Diabetes mellitus
Fasting blood sugar
Measures blood glucose levels after patient has not eaten for 8–12 hours
Oral glucose tolerance test
Commonly used to diagnose gestational diabetes
Home blood glucose monitoring
Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Method of measuring blood glucose levels multiple times per day
Diagnostic Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Random blood glucose test
Measures blood glucose level (without fasting)
Hemoglobin A1c testing
Measures average blood glucose level over the previous 3–4 months
Fructosamine test
Measures average blood glucose level over the previous 3 weeks
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Human growth hormone
Synthetic version of growth hormone administered to stimulate growth
Hypophysectomy
Removal of abnormal glandular tissue
(hypophy: pituitary gland)
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Pineal gland
Pinealectomy
Surgical removal of pineal gland
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Thyroid gland
Antithyroid drug
Medication that slows the ability of thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
Radioactive iodine treatment
Oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Thyroid gland
Lobectomy
Surgical removal of one lobe of thyroid gland
(May also refer to removal of a lobe of the liver/brain/lung)
Synthetic thyroid hormones
Oral medication for the replacement of thyroid function
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Parathyroid glands
Parathyroidectomy
Surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Thymus
The Case of the Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Thymectomy
Surgical removal of thymus gland
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Pancreas
Pancreatectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas
Total pancreatectomy
Treatment for pancreatic cancer
Involves removal of spleen, gallbladder, common bile duct, and portions of small intestine and stomach
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Adrenal glands
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
Cortisone
Administered to suppress inflammation or as an immunosuppressant
Answers to Learning Exercises
Chapter 13 Answers
Matching Word Parts 1
13.1 adren/o
13.2 acr/o
13.3 gonad/o
13.4 -dipsia
13.5 crin/o
Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Matching Word Parts 2
13.6 -ism
13.7 pancreat/o
13.8 parathyroid/o
13.9 pineal/o
13.10 pituitar/o
Chapter 13 Answers
Matching Word Parts 3
13.11 somat/o
13.12 poly-
13.13 glyc/o
13.14 thyroid/o
13.15 thym/o
Definitions
13.16 luteinizing
13.17 pituitary
13.18 adrenocorticotropic
13.19 thymus
13.20 calcitonin
13.21 adrenal cortex
13.22 glucagon
13.23 adrenal medulla
13.24 oxytocin
13.25 testosterone
Chapter 13 Answers
Matching Structures
13.26 pancreatic islets
13.27 pituitary gland
13.28 pineal gland
13.29 adrenal glands
13.30 thyroid gland
ORDER Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Which Word?
13.31 acromegaly
13.32 anterior
13.33 insulin resistance
13.34 diabetes insipidus
13.35 Cushing’s syndrome
Chapter 13 Answers
Spelling Counts
13.36 luteinizing
13.37 mellitus
13.38 myxedema
13.39 progesterone
13.40 thymosin
The Case of the Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
Abbreviation Identification
13.41 adrenocorticotropic hormone
13.42 antidiuretic hormone
13.43 diabetes mellitus
13.44 fasting blood sugar
13.45 follicle-stimulating hormone
Chapter 13 Answers
Term Selection
13.46 thyroid storm
13.47 hypercalcemia
13.48 parathyroid
13.49 prolactinoma
13.50 fructosamine
Sentence Completion
13.51 electrolytes
13.52 thyroxine
13.53 retinopathy
13.54 polyphagia
13.55 exophthalmos
Chapter 13 Answers
Word Surgery
13.56 hyper-, pituitar, -ism
13.57 hypo-, glyc, -emia
13.58 hyper-, insulin, -ism
13.59 gynec/o, mast, -ia
13.60 hypo-, calc, -emia
True/False
13.61 False
13.62 True
13.63 False
13.64 False
13.65 True
Chapter 13 Answers
Clinical Conditions
13.66 antidiuretic
13.67 polydipsia
13.68 Addison’s disease
13.69 insulinoma
13.70 Hashimoto’s disease
13.71 anabolic
13.72 leptin
13.73 cretinism
13.74 gigantism
13.75 pancreatectomy
Chapter 13 Answers
Which Is the Correct Medical Term?
13.76 neurohormones
13.77 pituitary adenoma
13.78 Graves’
13.79 diabetic coma
13.80 melatonin
Challenge Word Building
13.81 adrenopathy
13.82 endocrinology
13.83 adrenomegaly
13.84 thymopathy
13.85 thyroiditis
13.86 pancreatotomy
13.87 thyroidotomy
13.88 pinealopathy
13.89 insulinemia
13.90 adrenitis
Chapter 13 Answers
Labeling Exercises
13.91 pineal
13.92 parathyroid
13.93 thymus
The Case of the Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment
13.94 ovaries
13.95 hypothalamus
13.96 pituitary
13.97 thyroid
13.98 adrenal
13.99 pancreatic
13.100 testicles
Case Study: The Sweaty Salesman Case Study Assignment